自己英语演讲稿(14篇)

更新时间：2024-11-12

自己英语演讲稿

第1篇机遇把握在自己的手中英语演讲稿范文

what are the opportunities? some people say that opportunity is like a beauty! when you met or you do not grasp the courage to get to know her, she will be fleeting, or by others as she would sure have. and when you realize that, she has not! only 'hate free' the.

some people always complain about life and work, there is no bole chollima find themselves in this piece to their own development opportunities and space. so obscure, mediocre and incompetent. but i also think that the opportunity is grasped in its own hands, we must strive to create their own. only your hard work is paid, and are prepared to do, and will be given the opportunity.

college of technology a few days before the primary science teaching and research staff to inform me to shenyang to participate in the 'central research institute for education and research center for science education in primary schools sponsored by the second national (northeast) primary science class selection of quality seminars.' for me this is not the formal for the science teacher is really a great, unique learning opportunities. this is from last semester to participate in talking about the essay contest, i am usually very concerned about education as a result of teaching activities, the regular education to the county web site to see, there are no suitable to participate in the activities of their own, once i saw the call for the provincial colleges of education in primary science papers and instructional design. i found all levels of teaching materials and reference materials, and online instructional design carefully reading the wording of science, because since the work i have been engaged in the mathematical disciplines, mathematics is the primary and for a science or a layman, but since we must do a good job to do. i will be a good topica class, began to try to figure out how to write lesson plans in order to have innovation, do not fall into the familiar sets, as well as learning the value of certain. sought after i finished teaching at a renowned teacher, he believes that line, i only sent to college of technology lesson plans. but it was not until this semester , college of technology only notified to the participating provinces, but also published in book publishing.

although the school has three full-time science teacher, but because of age, some cling to the idea of fields, so the school activities in the scientific disciplines are always blank.刘校长i am seeking to see progress, work must be enforced vigorously. let me declare members of the college of technology teaching and research in teacher training teacher backbone 'activities. also my personal teaching ability is also e_cellent, i am very glad that the selection in the college of technology, i selected those who have become. (this also indicates that i would like to in the scientific disciplines continue to enrich their own teaching ability, after a lot of teaching and learning activities to take part, and it is difficult to pay work)

and刘校长talk about this matter, i said she would like to thank for giving me the opportunity to declare the training of teachers, have the opportunity to learn to go out. and she said that if work is not your personal efforts, i simply did not e_pect to declare your. opportunity for everyone is equal is the chance to create your own, set up a bridge for better progress. as long as you are not afraid of suffering, the future you will be in the scientific disciplines of the results.

it can be said that some teachers taught in science classes for many years did not become the subject of teacher training, but also there has been little success. i can not say that god favored me in particular, care, giving me the opportunity, but i am down-to-earth, step by step and be prepared to usher in the work of a good teaching opportunity, i will seize this rare opportunity to make our improvements!

机遇是什么？有人说机遇就像一个美女!当你遇见的时候你不去把握或者没胆量去结识她的话，她就会稍纵即逝，或者她会被别人所把握，所拥有。而当你意识到的时候，她已不在！只能“空余恨”了。

有些人总是在生活和工作中抱怨，没有伯乐发现自己这匹千里马给自己发展的机会和空间。所以才默默无闻，平庸无能。但我更认为机遇是把握在自己手中的，要由自己去创造争取。就是只有你付出辛苦了，有准备的去做了，才会获得机会。

前几天进修学校的小学科学教研员通知我去沈阳参加 “中央教育科研所小学科学教育研究中心主办的全国第二届(东北区)小学科学优质课评选研讨会”.对于我这个不正规的科学老师来说真是一次天大的、难得的学习机会. 这话要从上学期参与的论文比赛说起,我平时由于很关注教育的教学活动,经常到县教育网站看看,有没有适合自己参加的活动,有一次我看到了省教育学院征集小学科学学科的论文和教学设计.我就找来各年级的教材和参考资料,又到网上细心阅读科学教学设计的写法,因为参加工作以来我一直从事数学学科,对于小学数学是轻车熟路,而对于科学还是一个门外汉,但既然要做就要做好.我定好课题<植物的叶>;一课后,就开始揣摩怎么才能把教案写的有创新,不落入熟套,还有一定的学习价值.我写完以后又征求了教学上有名望的老师的意见,他认为行了,我才把教案送到进修学校.但直到这学期开学,进修学校才通知送到省里参评,还可以在出版的书中发表.

虽然学校有3个专职的科学教师,但都因为年龄大,有些固守田园的思想,所以学校在科学学科的活动中总是一片空白.刘校长看我很求上进,做事雷厉风行.就让我申报了进修学校教研员帮带骨干教师培养名师”活动.也是我的个人教学能力还过硬,很庆幸在进修学校的评选中,我却成为入选者.(这也预示着我要在科学学科上不断丰富自己的教学能力，以后要参加很多教学活动的，也是要付出艰辛的劳动的)

和刘校长谈论起这件事时,我说要感谢她给了我申报培训名师的机会,才有了外出学习的机会.而她却说如果没有你个人工作上的努力,我是根本想不到要申报你的。机会对于每个人来说是均等的,是你自己创造的机会,架设好了进步的桥梁.只要你不怕苦，以后你还会在科学学科上出成绩的。

可以说有些老师教了很多年的科学课也没有成为培养名师的对象，也没有取得什么成绩。而我不能说是上帝对我特别青睐、关照，给了我机遇，而是我扎扎实实的、一步一步的有准备的工作才迎来了美好的教学机遇，我会抓住这次难得的机遇让自己的工作不断进步！

第2篇初中英语演讲稿：改变我们自己

changing ourselves

honorable judges, ladies and gentlemen, good morning!

today, my topic is “changing ourselves”.

at first, i'd like to tell you a little story about an insurance salesman in tokyo. even though this man tried very hard to promote the insurance, nobody bought it. one day, he came to a small temple and began to brag about his insurance. after listening to his introduction, the monk said: “your recommendation of insurance can't arouse any of my interests! when you are communicating with others, you must have the charm to attract others, or you will be unpromising in the future. young man, try to change yourself!”

the salesman thought deeply about each word. from then on, he invited all his friends to point out his weakness and kept on improving himself bit by bit for all his life. thirty years later, he became a millionaire. and this man is the famous salesperson in the world: yuan yi ping. his e_perience reflects one attitude: sometimes, we should change ourselves instead of changing the world.

human beings always scan others, therefore, lots of people just see the flaws of them, then they will blame and criticize the outside factors, some people will even try to change them! unfortunately, they ignore the importance of the inner factors.

everybody in the world needs to e_amine himself critically, everybody has to learn to be tolerant and generous. you won't think the world is splendid unless you change your attitude first.

dear friends, we'd better remodel ourselves rather than blame each other. if we do so, we'll find that yesterday's sorrow is today's gratification, yesterday's opponent is today's assistant, and yesterday's failure is today's success! remember: if we can change ourselves, we can change the whole world!

thank you!

尊敬的评委、女士们、先生们：早上好!

今天，我演讲的题目是：“改变我们自己”.

首先，我很高兴与你们一同分享一个关于东京的一位保险公司推销员的小故事。尽管他十分努力地向别人推销保险，没有人能够接受，也没人买他的保险。有一天，他来到了一个小寺庙，开始夸起他的保险来。老和尚仔细地听完了他的介绍后，说：“你的介绍丝毫引不起我投保的意愿。人与人之间，像这样相对而坐的时候，一定有具备一种强烈吸引对方的魅力，如果你做不到这一点，将来就没什么前途可言了……小伙子，先努力改造自己吧!”

从寺庙里出来，年轻人一路思索着老和尚的话，若有所悟。接下来，他请了所有的朋友来指出他的'缺点与薄弱处，从而改变自己。他整个一生都坚持着一点一点地提高自身。三十年之后，他成了世界着名的百万富翁。而这位推销员正是世界上最伟大的推销大师：原一平。他的例子印证了这句话，那就是：有些时候，迫切应该改变的，或许不是环境，而是我们自己。

人的眼睛长得朝向外部，总在观察、审视着别人。因此不少人总是先看到别人的缺点、短处，看到世事的不平。于是动辄指责、批评、埋怨别人和外部世界。甚至有人用了很多心思企图去改变它们，结果反倒忽视了改变自身的重要性。每个人都应该仔细地检查一下自己，每个人都应该学着去容忍、宽容别人。除非我们都从改变自己的态度做起，否则世界将永远不会变得美丽。

亲爱的朋友们，我们最好改变自己，而不是埋怨别人。如果我们这么做了，我们会发现：昨天的惆怅会转化为喜悦，昨天的对手今天可能变为助手，昨天的失败会转化为胜利。永远记住：如果我们都改变了自己，那么我们就能改变整个世界!

第3篇英语演讲稿：用肢体语言来塑造自己

肢体语言影响着他人对我们的看法，但同时它也影响着我们对自己的看法。我们如何用用肢体语言来塑造自己，我们一起来学习英语演讲稿：用肢体语言来塑造自己，仅供参考！

英语演讲稿：用肢体语言来塑造自己

so i want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, and all it requires of you is this: that you change your posture for two minutes. but before i give it away, i want to ask you to right now do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with your body. so how many of you are sort of making yourselves smaller? maybe you're hunching, crossing your legs, maybe wrapping your ankles. sometimes we hold onto our arms like this. sometimes we spread out. (laughter) i see you. (laughter) so i want you to pay attention to what you're doing right now. we're going to come back to that in a few minutes, and i'm hoping that if you learn to tweak this a little bit, it could significantly change the way your life unfolds.

so, we're really fascinated with body language, and we're particularly interested in other people's body language. you know, we're interested in, like, you know — (laughter) — an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe a very awkward wink, or maybe even something like a handshake.

narrator: here they are arriving at number 10, and look at this lucky policeman gets to shake hands with the president of the united states. oh, and here comes the prime minister of the — ? no. (laughter) (applause) (laughter) (applause)

amy cuddy: so a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. even the bbc and the new york times. so obviously when we think about nonverbal behavior, or body language -- but we call it nonverbals as social scientists -- it's language, so we think about communication. when we think about communication, we think about interactions. so what is your body language communicating to me? what's mine communicating to you?

and there's a lot of reason to believe that this is a valid way to look at this. so social scientists have spent a lot of time looking at the effects of our body language, or other people's body language, on judgments. and we make sweeping judgments and inferences from body language. and those judgments can predict really meaningful life outcomes like who we hire or promote, who we ask out on a date. for e_ample, nalini ambady, a researcher at tufts university, shows that when people watch 30-second soundless clips of real physician-patient interactions, their judgments of the physician's niceness predict whether or not that physician will be sued. so it doesn't have to do so much with whether or not that physician was incompetent, but do we like that person and how they interacted? even more dramatic, ale_ todorov at princeton has shown us that judgments of political candidates' faces in just one second predict 70 percent of u.s. senate and gubernatorial race outcomes, and even, let's go digital, emoticons used well in online negotiations can lead to you claim more value from that negotiation. if you use them poorly, bad idea. right? so when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. we tend to forget, though, the other audience that's influenced by our nonverbals, and that's ourselves.

we are also influenced by our nonverbals, our thoughts and our feelings and our physiology. so what nonverbals am i talking about? i'm a social psychologist. i study prejudice, and i teach at a competitive business school, so it was inevitable that i would become interested in power dynamics. i became especially interested in nonverbal e_pressions of power and dominance.

and what are nonverbal e_pressions of power and dominance? well, this is what they are. so in the animal kingdom, they are about e_panding. so you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space, you're basically opening up. it's about opening up. and this is true across the animal kingdom. it's not just limited to primates. and humans do the same thing. (laughter) so they do this both when they have power sort of chronically, and also when they're feeling powerful in the moment. and this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these e_pressions of power are. this e_pression, which is known as pride, jessica tracy has studied. she shows that people who are born with sight and people who are congenitally blind do this when they win at a physical competition. so when they cross the finish line and they've won, it doesn't matter if they've never seen anyone do it. they do this. so the arms up in the v, the chin is slightly lifted. what do we do when we feel powerless? we do e_actly the opposite. we close up. we wrap ourselves up. we make ourselves small. we don't want to bump into the person ne_t to us. so again, both animals and humans do the same thing. and this is what happens when you put together high and low power. so what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other's nonverbals. so if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to make ourselves smaller. we don't mirror them. we do the opposite of them.

so i'm watching this behavior in the classroom, and what do i notice? i notice that mba students really e_hibit the full range of power nonverbals. so you have people who are like caricatures of alphas, really coming into the room, they get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to occupy space. when they sit down, they're sort of spread out. they raise their hands like this. you have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. as soon they come in, you see it. you see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves tiny, and they go like this when they raise their hand. i notice a couple of things about this. one, you're not going to be surprised. it seems to be related to gender. so women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. women feel chronically less powerful than men, so this is not surprising. but the other thing i noticed is that it also seemed to be related to the e_tent to which the students were participating, and how well they were participating. and this is really important in the mba classroom, because participation counts for half the grade.

so business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. you get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, and it seems to be partly attributable to participation. so i started to wonder, you know, okay, so you have these people coming in like this, and they're participating. is it possible that we could get people to fake it and would it lead them to participate more?

so my main collaborator dana carney, who's at berkeley, and i really wanted to know, can you fake it till you make it? like, can you do this just for a little while and actually e_perience a behavioral outcome that makes you seem more powerful? so we know that our nonverbals govern how other people think and feel about us. there's a lot of evidence. but our question really was, do our nonverbals govern how we think and feel about ourselves?

there's some evidence that they do. so, for e_ample, we smile when we feel happy, but also, when we're forced to smile by holding a pen in our teeth like this, it makes us feel happy. so it goes both ways. when it comes to power, it also goes both ways. so when you feel powerful, you're more likely to do this, but it's also possible that when you pretend to be powerful, you are more likely to actually feel powerful.

so the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? and when i say minds, in the case of the powerful, what am i talking about? so i'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, that's hormones. i look at hormones. so what do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? so powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, more assertive and more confident, more optimistic. they actually feel that they're going to win even at games of chance. they also tend to be able to think more abstractly. so there are a lot of differences. they take more risks. there are a lot of differences between powerful and powerless people. physiologically, there also are differences on two key hormones: testosterone, which is the dominance hormone, and cortisol, which is the stress hormone. so what we find is that high-power alpha males in primate hierarchies have high testosterone and low cortisol, and powerful and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol. so what does that mean? when you think about power, people tended to think only about testosterone, because that was about dominance. but really, power is also about how you react to stress. so do you want the high-power leader that's dominant, high on testosterone, but really stress reactive? probably not, right? you want the person who's powerful and assertive and dominant, but not very stress reactive, the person who's laid back.

so we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, within a few days, that individual's testosterone has gone up significantly and his cortisol has dropped significantly. so we have this evidence, both that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and also that role changes can shape the mind. so what happens, okay, you take a role change, what happens if you do that at a really minimal level, like this tiny manipulation, this tiny intervention? 'for two minutes,' you say, 'i want you to stand like this, and it's going to make you feel more powerful.'

so this is what we did. we decided to bring people into the lab and run a little e_periment, and these people adopted, for two minutes, either high-power poses or low-power poses, and i'm just going to show you five of the poses, although they took on only two. so here's one. a couple more. this one has been dubbed the 'wonder woman' by the media. here are a couple more. so you can be standing or you can be sitting. and here are the low-power poses. so you're folding up, you're making yourself small. this one is very low-power. when you're touching your neck, you're really protecting yourself. so this is what happens. they come in, they spit into a vial, we for two minutes say, 'you need to do this or this.' they don't look at pictures of the poses. we don't want to prime them with a concept of power. we want them to be feeling power, right? so two minutes they do this. we then ask them, 'how powerful do you feel?' on a series of items, and then we give them an opportunity to gamble, and then we take another saliva sample. that's it. that's the whole e_periment.

so this is what we find. risk tolerance, which is the gambling, what we find is that when you're in the high-power pose condition, 86 percent of you will gamble. when you're in the low-power pose condition, only 60 percent, and that's a pretty whopping significant difference. here's what we find on testosterone. from their baseline when they come in, high-power people e_perience about a 20-percent increase, and low-power people e_perience about a 10-percent decrease. so again, two minutes, and you get these changes. here's what you get on cortisol. high-power people e_perience about a 25-percent decrease, and the low-power people e_perience about a 15-percent increase. so two minutes lead to these hormonal changes that configure your brain to basically be either assertive, confident and comfortable, or really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. and we've all had the feeling, right? so it seems that our nonverbals do govern how we think and feel about ourselves, so it's not just others, but it's also ourselves. also, our bodies change our minds.

but the ne_t question, of course, is can power posing for a few minutes really change your life in meaningful ways? so this is in the lab. it's this little task, you know, it's just a couple of minutes. where can you actually apply this? which we cared about, of course. and so we think it's really, what matters, i mean, where you want to use this is evaluative situations like social threat situations. where are you being evaluated, either by your friends? like for teenagers it's at the lunchroom table. it could be, you know, for some people it's speaking at a school board meeting. it might be giving a pitch or giving a talk like this or doing a job interview. we decided that the one that most people could relate to because most people had been through was the job interview.

so we published these findings, and the media are all over it, and they say, okay, so this is what you do when you go in for the job interview, right? (laughter) you know, so we were of course horrified, and said, oh my god, no, no, no, that's not what we meant at all. for numerous reasons, no, no, no, don't do that. again, this is not about you talking to other people. it's you talking to yourself. what do you do before you go into a job interview? you do this. right? you're sitting down. you're looking at your iphone -- or your android, not trying to leave anyone out. you are, you know, you're looking at your notes, you're hunching up, making yourself small, when really what you should be doing maybe is this, like, in the bathroom, right? do that. find two minutes. so that's what we want to test. okay? so we bring people into a lab, and they do either high- or low-power poses again, they go through a very stressful job interview. it's five minutes long. they are being recorded. they're being judged also, and the judges are trained to give no nonverbal feedback, so they look like this. like, imagine this is the person interviewing you. so for five minutes, nothing, and this is worse than being heckled. people hate this. it's what marianne lafrance calls 'standing in social quicksand.' so this really spikes your cortisol. so this is the job interview we put them through, because we really wanted to see what happened. we then have these coders look at these tapes, four of them. they're blind to the hypothesis. they're blind to the conditions. they have no idea who's been posing in what pose, and they end up looking at these sets of tapes, and they say, 'oh, we want to hire these people,' -- all the high-power posers -- 'we don't want to hire these people. we also evaluate these people much more positively overall.' but what's driving it? it's not about the content of the speech. it's about the presence that they're bringing to the speech. we also, because we rate them on all these variables related to competence, like, how well-structured is the speech? how good is it? what are their qualifications? no effect on those things. this is what's affected. these kinds of things. people are bringing their true selves, basically. they're bringing themselves. they bring their ideas, but as themselves, with no, you know, residue over them. so this is what's driving the effect, or mediating the effect.

so when i tell people about this, that our bodies change our minds and our minds can change our behavior, and our behavior can change our outcomes, they say to me, 'i don't -- it feels fake.' right? so i said, fake it till you make it. i don't -- it's not me. i don't want to get there and then still feel like a fraud. i don't want to feel like an impostor. i don't want to get there only to feel like i'm not supposed to be here. and that really resonated with me, because i want to tell you a little story about being an impostor and feeling like i'm not supposed to be here.

when i was 19, i was in a really bad car accident. i was thrown out of a car, rolled several times. i was thrown from the car. and i woke up in a head injury rehab ward, and i had been withdrawn from college, and i learned that my i.q. had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic. i knew my i.q. because i had identified with being smart, and i had been called gifted as a child. so i'm taken out of college, i keep trying to go back. they say, 'you're not going to finish college. just, you know, there are other things for you to do, but that's not going to work out for you.' so i really struggled with this, and i have to say, having your identity taken from you, your core identity, and for me it was being smart, having that taken from you, there's nothing that leaves you feeling more powerless than that. so i felt entirely powerless. i worked and worked and worked, and i got lucky, and worked, and got lucky, and worked.

eventually i graduated from college. it took me four years longer than my peers, and i convinced someone, my angel advisor, susan fiske, to take me on, and so i ended up at princeton, and i was like, i am not supposed to be here. i am an impostor. and the night before my first-year talk, and the first-year talk at princeton is a 20-minute talk to 20 people. that's it. i was so afraid of being found out the ne_t day that i called her and said, 'i'm quitting.' she was like, 'you are not quitting, because i took a gamble on you, and you're staying. you're going to stay, and this is what you're going to do. you are going to fake it. you're going to do every talk that you ever get asked to do. you're just going to do it and do it and do it, even if you're terrified and just paralyzed and having an out-of-body e_perience, until you have this moment where you say, 'oh my gosh, i'm doing it. like, i have become this. i am actually doing this.'' so that's what i did. five years in grad school, a few years, you know, i'm at northwestern, i moved to harvard, i'm at harvard, i'm not really thinking about it anymore, but for a long time i had been thinking, 'not supposed to be here. not supposed to be here.'

so at the end of my first year at harvard, a student who had not talked in class the entire semester, who i had said, 'look, you've gotta participate or else you're going to fail,' came into my office. i really didn't know her at all. and she said, she came in totally defeated, and she said, 'i'm not supposed to be here.' and that was the moment for me. because two things happened. one was that i realized, oh my gosh, i don't feel like that anymore. you know. i don't feel that anymore, but she does, and i get that feeling. and the second was, she is supposed to be here! like, she can fake it, she can become it. so i was like, 'yes, you are! you are supposed to be here! and tomorrow you're going to fake it, you're going to make yourself powerful, and, you know, you're gonna — ' (applause) (applause) 'and you're going to go into the classroom, and you are going to give the best comment ever.' you know? and she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and they were like, oh my god, i didn't even notice her sitting there, you know? (laughter)

she comes back to me months later, and i realized that she had not just faked it till she made it, she had actually faked it till she became it. so she had changed. and so i want to say to you, don't fake it till you make it. fake it till you become it. you know? it's not — do it enough until you actually become it and internalize.

the last thing i'm going to leave you with is this. tiny tweaks can lead to big changes. so this is two minutes. two minutes, two minutes, two minutes. before you go into the ne_t stressful evaluative situation, for two minutes, try doing this, in the elevator, in a bathroom stall, at your desk behind closed doors. that's what you want to do. configure your brain to cope the best in that situation. get your testosterone up. get your cortisol down. don't leave that situation feeling like, oh, i didn't show them who i am. leave that situation feeling like, oh, i really feel like i got to say who i am and show who i am.

so i want to ask you first, you know, both to try power posing, and also i want to ask you to share the science, because this is simple. i don't have ego involved in this. (laughter) give it away. share it with people, because the people who can use it the most are the ones with no resources and no technology and no status and no power. give it to them because they can do it in private. they need their bodies, privacy and two minutes, and it can significantly change the outcomes of their life. thank you. (applause) (applause

第4篇 2022高中生英语演讲稿：无论成败，但求做最好的自己

无论成败但求做最好的自己-be the best of whatever you are!

if you can't be a pine on the top of the hill，

如果你当不成山巅的一棵劲松，

be a scrub in the valley---but be

就做山谷里的小树吧---但务必

the best little scrub by the side of the rill;

做溪流边最棒的一棵小树;

be a bush if you can't be a tree。

当不了树就做一丛灌木，

if you can't be a bush be a bit of grass--

当不成灌木还可以做小草--但务必

and some highway happier make。

做路边最快乐的一株小草。

if you can't be a muskie then just be a bass--

如果你不是大梭鱼就做一尾鲈鱼吧，

but the liveliest bass in the lake!

但要做湖里最活泼的小鲈鱼!

we can't all be captains， we've got to be crew，

我们不能都做船长，必须有人当船员，

there's something for all of us here，

可每个人都有自己的事儿，

there's big work to do， and there's lesser to do，

有的事情大，有的事情小，

and the task you must do is the near。

而你要完成的任务就近在咫尺。

if you can't be a highway then just be a trail，

如果你不能做大道就做一条小径，

if you can't be the sun be a star;

若是不能做太阳就做星星;

it isn't by size that you win or you fail--

决定成败的不是你的大小--

be the best of whatever you are!

只要你做最好的自己!

第5篇如何改变自己的英语演讲稿及翻译

it’s my great pleasure to stand here to present my speech—change the world, change ourselves.

it’s noticable that western holidays are becoming increasingly popular day by day, while chinese traditional festivals are being somewhat neglected. not long before about 10 doctors in beijing university and qinghua unversity announced that we should reject the invasion of western holidays ,because they regard western holidays as an challenge against our traditional festivals and culture.

frankly speaking, i don’t quite agree with them.indeed, we should never neglect or even discard our traditonal festivals as china boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions. (e_amples).but why can’t we absorb the meaningful western holidays and culture.

there are obvious reasons why some western holidays are so popular in china. on the one hand, some of the western holidays which we chinese don’t have are reasonable and meaningful, such as father’s day and april fool’s day etc. on the other hand,the prevalence of globalization enables western culture to prevail in china. overwhelmed by such a trend,chinese unconsiciously get involved in western holidays and culture.

with the further development of the whole world, the cultural communication between different countries and nations becomes faster and more and more important. we are indeed from different nations, but we are the citizens of the same world, so the outstanding culture of different nations is the commom wealth of everyone on the earth.the only way for us to protect our traditional culture is to reject the foreign culture? the answer is definitely no. what we ought to do is to spare no effort to educate chinese to get to know and treasure our splendid traditions instead of rejecting foreign culture. only by educating can we set our confidence and belief towards our culture. only by educating can we preserve and promote the wealth that ourancesters left for us.

at last i’d like to share a famouse saying of gandhi with all of you ,that is:if you want to change the world, then you must change yourself first.”

我很高兴能站在这里,现在我speech-change世界,改变自己。引人注目的是,西方的节日日益变得越来越流行,而中国的传统节日都是受冷落。在不久的将来大约10医生在北京大学和清华大学宣布,我们应该拒绝入侵的西方节日,因为他们认为西方节日作为一种挑战我们的传统节日和文化。坦白地说,我不完全同意他们。事实上,我们不应该忽视甚至抛弃我们的传统节日作为中国拥有辉煌的历史和灿烂的传统。(例子)。但是我们为什么不能吸收西方文化的意义。有明显的原因,一些西方节日在中国非常受欢迎。另一方面,一些西方的节日,我们中国人不合理和有意义的事情,比如父亲节,愚人节等等。另一方面,普遍的全球化使得中西文化在中国的流行。被这一趋势、中国unconsiciously卷入西方节日和文化。摘要随着世界的发展,文化交流不同国家和民族之间变得更快和更非常多,艺术设计多重要。我们确实是来自不同的国家,但我们是公民相同的世界,所以不同的民族优秀传统文化中找到财富是地球上的每个人都…我们唯一的方法来保护我们的传统文化,就是拒绝外国的文化吗?答案是绝对不行。我们应该做的就是不遗余力地教导中国人了解并珍惜我们的辉煌的传统,而不是拒绝外国文化。只有通过教育才能将我们的信心和勇气向我们的文化。只有通过教育才能保持和提升的财富,我们祖先留给我们。最后,我想说的一个著名的分享与你们在一起。甘地,那就是:如果你想要改变世界,那么你必须改变你自己。”

第6篇美国第一夫人的英语演讲稿：为自己的理想奋斗

美国第一夫人米歇尔5月18日参加了高中毕业生的毕业典礼，告诫他们要走自己的路，为自己的梦想奋斗，战胜逆境。下面是小编为大家整理的美国第一夫人致毕业生的演讲精选，希望能帮助大家学习英语。

first lady michelle obama has some advice for some tennessee high school graduates: strike your own path in college and life and work to overcome inevitable failures with determination and grit.

美国第一夫人米歇尔5月18日向高中毕业生给出宝贵建议，告诫他们在大学、生活和工作中要走自己的路，依靠决心和勇气战胜不可避免的失败。

mrs. obama spoke for 22 minutes to the graduates of martin luther king jr. academic magnet high school on saturday in her only high school commencement address this year. the ceremony took place in the gymnasium of nearby tennessee state university.

当天在田纳西州马丁·路德·金高中毕业典礼上，米歇尔致辞22分钟，这是她今年唯一一场高中演讲。演讲在附近田纳西州立大学的体育馆举行。

the first lady told the 170 graduates that she spent too much of her own time in college focusing on academic achievements. while her success in college and law school led to a high-profile job, she said, she ended up leaving to focus on public service.

在演讲中，她告诉170名毕业生，当年她在大学致力于学业，之后凭借在学校的成功如愿以偿地摘取高职，不过最终还是投身公共服务。

'my message to all of you today is this: do not waste a minute living someone else's dream,' she said. 'it takes a lot of real work to discover what brings you joy ... and you won't find what you love simply by checking bo_es or padding your gpa.'

“今天我要告诉大家的是：不要为别人的梦想浪费一分钟。要想知道带给你快乐的是什么，必须付出真正的努力。仅仅依靠查看邮箱或夸大成绩，你不会找到钟爱的工作。”

she said mlk reminded her of her own high school e_perience in chicago.

她说马丁·路德·金高中让她联想到自己在芝加哥的高中经历。

'my no. 1 goal was to go to a high school that would push me and challenge me,' she said. 'i wanted to go somewhere that would celebrate achievement. a place where academic success wouldn't make me a target of teasing or bullying, but instead would be a badge of honor.'

“我的第一目标是进入能提高和考验我的高中。” 她说，“我想去一个歌颂成就的地方。在那里，学术成功不会使我成为戏弄或欺负的对象，而是荣誉的象征。”

but mrs. obama lamented that not all students have the same opportunities. 'unfortunately, schools like this don't e_ist for every kid,' she said. 'you are blessed.'

但夫人感慨万千：并非所有学生都有同样的机遇。她说，“可惜，这样的学校并非为每个孩子而存在，你们很幸运。”

the first lady told graduates that failure may be a part of their college lives and careers, and that how they respond to any pitfalls will define them.

她告诉毕业生们，失败也许是他们大学生活和职业生涯的一部分，未来取决于他们如何面对困难和错误。

overcoming adversity has been the hallmark of many great people, she said.

她说战胜逆境一直是许多伟大人物的标志。

'oprah was demoted from her first job as a news anchor, and now she doesn't even need a last name,' she said of media giant oprah winfrey. 'and then there's this guy barack obama ... he lost his first race for congress, and now he gets to call himself my husband.'

“奥普拉从事第一份新闻主播工作时曾被降职，而今，提到她甚至不需要提她的姓。” 她提到传媒巨人奥普拉·温弗里，“还有巴拉克·这个家伙。第一次国会竞选他大败而归，而现在，他开始自称是我的丈夫。”

the first lady joked: “i could take up a whole afternoon talking about his failures.”

第一夫人还开玩笑说，“我可以用整个下午讲他的失败。”

mrs. obama later presented graduate diplomas on stage and posed for photos with graduates.

随后，夫人在台上为毕业生颁发了毕业证书，并与他们合影留念。

'we didn't know we would get to hug her,' said graduate natey kinzounza, 18. 'she's got a great sense of humor. she's like my mom, she's just a very real person.'

“我们不知道我们可以拥抱她。”18岁的毕业生纳蒂·金宗齐说，“她幽默诙谐，她就好像我妈妈，是非常真实的人。”

第7篇 ted英语演讲稿：拥抱他人，拥抱自己

thandie newton embracing otherness, embracing myself

拥抱他人，拥抱自己

embracing otherness. when i first heard this theme, i thought, well, embracing otherness is embracing myself. and the journey to that place of understanding and acceptance has been an interesting one for me, and it's given me an insight into the whole notion of self, which i think is worth sharing with you today.

拥抱他类。当我第一次听说这个主题时，我心想，拥抱他类不就是拥抱自己吗。我个人懂得理解和接受他类的经历很有趣，让我对于“自己”这个词也有了新的认识，我想今天在这里和你们分享下我的心得体会。

we each have a self, but i don't think that we're born with one. you know how newborn babies believe they're part of everything; they're not separate? well that fundamental sense of oneness is lost on us very quickly. it's like that initial stage is over -- oneness: infancy, unformed, primitive. it's no longer valid or real. what is real is separateness, and at some point in early babyhood, the idea of self starts to form. our little portion of oneness is given a name, is told all kinds of things about itself, and these details, opinions and ideas become facts, which go towards building ourselves, our identity. and that self becomes the vehicle for navigating our social world. but the self is a projection based on other people's projections. is it who we really are? or who we really want to be, or should be?

我们每个人都有个自我，但并不是生来就如此的。你知道新生的宝宝们觉得他们是任何东西的一部分，而不是分裂的个体。这种本源上的“天人合一”感在我们出生后很快就不见了，就好像我们人生的第一个篇章--和谐统一：婴儿，未成形，原始--结束了。它们似幻似影，而现实的世界是孤独彼此分离的。而在孩童期的某段时间，我们开始形成自我这个观点。宇宙中的小小个体有了自己的名字，有了自己的过去等等各种信息。这些关于自己的细节，看法和观点慢慢变成事实，成为我们身份的一部分。而那个自我，也变成我们人生路上前行的导航仪。然后，这个所谓的自我，是他人自我的映射，还是我们真实的自己呢?我们究竟想成为什么样，应该成为什么样的呢?

so this whole interaction with self and identity was a very difficult one for me growing up. the self that i attempted to take out into the world was rejected over and over again. and my panic at not having a self that fit, and the confusion that came from my self being rejected, created an_iety, shame and hopelessness, which kind of defined me for a long time. but in retrospect, the destruction of my self was so repetitive that i started to see a pattern. the self changed, got affected, broken, destroyed, but another one would evolve -- sometimes stronger, sometimes hateful, sometimes not wanting to be there at all. the self was not constant. and how many times would my self have to die before i realized that it was never alive in the first place?

这个和自我打交道，寻找自己身份的过程在我的成长记忆中一点都不容易。我想成为的那些“自我”不断被否定再否定，而我害怕自己无法融入周遭的环境，因被否定而引起的困惑让我变得更加忧虑，感到羞耻和无望，在很长一段时间就是我存在状态。然而回头看，对自我的解构是那么频繁，以至于我发现了这样一种规律。自我是变化的，受他人影响，分裂或被打败，而另一个自我会产生，这个自我可能更坚强，可能更可憎，有时你也不想变成那样。所谓自我不是固定不变的。而我需要经历多少次自我的破碎重生才会明白其实自我从来没有存在过?

i grew up on the coast of england in the '70s. my dad is white from cornwall, and my mom is black from zimbabwe. even the idea of us as a family was challenging to most people. but nature had its wicked way, and brown babies were born. but from about the age of five, i was aware that i didn't fit. i was the black atheist kid in the all-white catholic school run by nuns. i was an anomaly, and my self was rooting around for definition and trying to plug in. because the self likes to fit, to see itself replicated, to belong. that confirms its e_istence and its importance. and it is important. it has an e_tremely important function. without it, we literally can't interface with others. we can't hatch plans and climb that stairway of popularity, of success. but my skin color wasn't right. my hair wasn't right. my history wasn't right. my self became defined by otherness, which meant that, in that social world, i didn't really e_ist. and i was 'other' before being anything else -- even before being a girl. i was a noticeable nobody.

我在70年代英格兰海边长大，我的父亲是康沃尔的白人，母亲是津巴布韦的黑人。而想象我和父母是一家人对于其他人来说总是不太自然。自然有它自己的魔术，棕色皮肤的宝宝诞生了。但从我五岁开始，我就有种感觉我不是这个群体的。我是一个全白人天主教会学校里面黑皮肤无神论小孩。我与他人是不同的，而那个热衷于归属的自我却到处寻找方式寻找归属感。这种认同感让自我感受到存在感和重要性，因此十分重要。这点是如此重要，如果没有自我，我们根本无法与他人沟通。没有它，我们无所适从，无法获取成功或变得受人欢迎。但我的肤色不对，我的头发不对，我的过去不对，我的一切都是另类定义的，在这个社会里，我其实并不真实存在。我首先是个异类，其次才是个女孩。我是可见却毫无意义的人。

another world was opening up around this time: performance and dancing. that nagging dread of self-hood didn't e_ist when i was dancing. i'd literally lose myself. and i was a really good dancer. i would put all my emotional e_pression into my dancing. i could be in the movement in a way that i wasn't able to be in my real life, in myself.

这时候，另一个世界向我敞开了大门：舞蹈表演。那种关于自我的唠叨恐惧在舞蹈时消失了，我放开四肢，也成为了一位不错的舞者。我将所有的情绪都融入到舞蹈的动作中去，我可以在舞蹈中与自己相溶，尽管在现实生活中却无法做到。

and at 16, i stumbled across another opportunity, and i earned my first acting role in a film. i can hardly find the words to describe the peace i felt when i was acting. my dysfunctional self could actually plug in to another self, not my own, and it felt so good. it was the first time that i e_isted inside a fully-functioning self -- one that i controlled, that i steered, that i gave life to. but the shooting day would end, and i'd return to my gnarly, awkward self.

16岁的时候，我遇到了另一个机会，第一部参演的电影。我无法用语言来表达在演戏的时候我所感受到的平和，我无处着落的自我可以与那个角色融为一体，而不是我自己。那感觉真棒。这是第一次我感觉到我拥有一个自我，我可以驾驭，令其富有盛名的自我。然而当拍摄结束，我又会回到自己粗糙不明，笨拙的自我。

by 19, i was a fully-fledged movie actor, but still searching for definition. i applied to read anthropology at university. dr. phyllis lee gave me my interview, and she asked me, 'how would you define race?' well, i thought i had the answer to that one, and i said, 'skin color.' 'so biology, genetics?' she said. 'because, thandie, that's not accurate. because there's actually more genetic difference between a black kenyan and a black ugandan than there is between a black kenyan and, say, a white norwegian. because we all stem from africa. so in africa, there's been more time to create genetic diversity.' in other words, race has no basis in biological or scientific fact. on the one hand, result. right? on the other hand, my definition of self just lost a huge chunk of its credibility. but what was credible, what is biological and scientific fact, is that we all stem from africa -- in fact, from a woman called mitochondrial eve who lived 160,000 years ago. and race is an illegitimate concept which our selves have created based on fear and ignorance.

19岁的时候，我已经是富有经验的专业电影演员，而我还是在寻找自我的定义。我申请了大学的人类学专业。phyllis lee博士面试了我，她问我：“你怎么定义种族?”我觉得我很了解这个话题，我说：“肤色。”“那么生物上来说呢，例如遗传基因?”她说，“thandie 肤色并不全面，其实一个肯尼亚黑人和乌干达黑人之间基因差异比一个肯尼亚黑人和挪威白人之间差异要更多。因为我们都是从非洲来的，所以在非洲，基因变异演化的时间是最久的。”换句话说，种族在生物学或任何科学上都没有事实根据。另一方面，我对于自我的定义瞬时失去了一大片基础。但那就是生物学事实，我们都是非洲后裔，一位在160 02022年前的伟大女性mitochondrial eve的后人。而种族这个无效的概念是我们基于恐惧和无知自己捏造出来的。

strangely, these revelations didn't cure my low self-esteem, that feeling of otherness. my desire to disappear was still very powerful. i had a degree from cambridge; i had a thriving career, but my self was a car crash, and i wound up with bulimia and on a therapist's couch. and of course i did. i still believed my self was all i was. i still valued self-worth above all other worth, and what was there to suggest otherwise? we've created entire value systems and a physical reality to support the worth of self. look at the industry for self-image and the jobs it creates, the revenue it turns over. we'd be right in assuming that the self is an actual living thing. but it's not. it's a projection which our clever brains create in order to cheat ourselves from the reality of death.

奇怪的是，这个发现并没有治好我的自卑，那种被排挤的感觉。我还是那么强烈地想要离开消失。我从剑桥拿到了学位，我有份充满发展的工作，然而我的自我还是一团糟，我得了催吐病不得不接受治疗师的帮助。我还是相信自我是我的全部。我还是坚信“自我”的价值甚过一切。而且我们身处的世界就是如此，我们的整个价值系统和现实环境都是在服务“自我”的价值。看看不同行业里面对于自我的塑造，看看它们创造的那些工作，产出的那些利润。我们甚至必须相信自我是真实存在的。但它们不是，自我不过是我们聪明的脑袋假想出来骗自己不去思考死亡这个话题的幌子。

but there is something that can give the self ultimate and infinite connection -- and that thing is oneness, our essence. the self's struggle for authenticity and definition will never end unless it's connected to its creator -- to you and to me. and that can happen with awareness -- awareness of the reality of oneness and the projection of self-hood. for a start, we can think about all the times when we do lose ourselves. it happens when i dance, when i'm acting. i'm earthed in my essence, and my self is suspended. in those moments, i'm connected to everything -- the ground, the air, the sounds, the energy from the audience. all my senses are alert and alive in much the same way as an infant might feel -- that feeling of oneness.

但其实我们的终极自我其实是我们的本源，合一。挣扎自我是否真实，究竟是什么永远没有终结，除非它和赋予它意义的创造者合一，就是你和我。而这点当我们意识到现实是你中有我，我中有你，和谐统一，而自我是种假象时就会体会到了。我们可以想想，什么时候我们是身心统一的，例如说我跳舞，表演的时候，我和我的本源连结，而我的自我被抛在一边。那时，我和身边的一切--空气，大地，声音，观众的反馈都连结在一起。我的知觉是敏锐和鲜活的，就像初生的婴儿那样，合一。

and when i'm acting a role, i inhabit another self, and i give it life for awhile, because when the self is suspended so is divisiveness and judgment. and i've played everything from a vengeful ghost in the time of slavery to secretary of state in 2022. and no matter how other these selves might be, they're all related in me. and i honestly believe the key to my success as an actor and my progress as a person has been the very lack of self that used to make me feel so an_ious and insecure. i always wondered why i could feel others' pain so deeply, why i could recognize the somebody in the nobody. it's because i didn't have a self to get in the way. i thought i lacked substance, and the fact that i could feel others' meant that i had nothing of myself to feel. the thing that was a source of shame was actually a source of enlightenment.

当我在演戏的时候，我让另一个自我住在我体内，我代表它行动。当我的自我被抛开，紧随的分歧和主观判断也消失了。我曾经扮演过奴隶时代的复仇鬼魂，也扮演过2022年的国务卿。不管他们这些自我是怎样的，他们都在那时与我相连。而我也深信作为演员，我的成功，或是作为个体，我的成长都是源于我缺乏“自我”，那种缺乏曾经让我非常忧虑和不安。我总是不明白为什么我会那么深地感受到他人的痛苦，为什么我可以从不知名的人身上看出他人的印痕。是因为我没有所谓的自我来左右我感受的信息吧。我以为我缺少些什么，我以为我对他人的理解是因为我缺乏自我。那个曾经是我深感羞耻的东西其实是种启示。

and when i realized and really understood that my self is a projection and that it has a function, a funny thing happened. i stopped giving it so much authority. i give it its due. i take it to therapy. i've become very familiar with its dysfunctional behavior. but i'm not ashamed of my self. in fact, i respect my self and its function. and over time and with practice, i've tried to live more and more from my essence. and if you can do that, incredible things happen.

当我真的理解我的自我不过是种映射，是种工具，一件奇怪的事情发生了。我不再让它过多控制我的生活。我学习管理它，像把它带去看医生一样，我很熟悉那些因自我而失调的举动。我不因自我而羞耻，事实上，我很尊敬我的自我和它的功能。而随着时间过去，我的技术也更加熟练，我可以更多的和我的本源共存。如果你愿意尝试，不可以思议的事情也会发生在你身上。

i was in congo in february, dancing and celebrating with women who've survived the destruction of their selves in literally unthinkable ways -- destroyed because other brutalized, psychopathic selves all over that beautiful land are fueling our selves' addiction to ipods, pads, and bling, which further disconnect ourselves from ever feeling their pain, their suffering, their death. because, hey, if we're all living in ourselves and mistaking it for life, then we're devaluing and desensitizing life. and in that disconnected state, yeah, we can build factory farms with no windows, destroy marine life and use rape as a weapon of war. so here's a note to self: the cracks have started to show in our constructed world, and oceans will continue to surge through the cracks, and oil and blood, rivers of it.

今年二月，我在刚果和一群女性一起跳舞和庆祝，她们都是经历过各种无法想象事情“自我”遍体鳞伤的人们，那些备受摧残，心理变态的自我充斥在这片美丽的土地，而我们仍痴迷地追逐着ipod，pad等各种闪亮的东西，将我们与他们的痛苦，死亡隔得更远。如果我们各自生活在自我中，并无以为这就是生活，那么我们是在贬低和远离生命的意义。在这种脱节的状态中，我们是可以建设没有窗户的工厂，破坏海洋生态，将奸作为战争的工具。为我们的自我做个解释：这是看似完善的世界里的裂痕，海洋，河流，石油和鲜血正不断地从缝中涌出。

crucially, we haven't been figuring out how to live in oneness with the earth and every other living thing. we've just been insanely trying to figure out how to live with each other -- billions of each other. only we're not living with each other; our crazy selves are living with each other and perpetuating an epidemic of disconnection.

关键的是，我们还没有明白如何和自然以及其他所有生物和谐地共处。我们只是疯狂地想和其他人沟通，几十亿其他人。只有当我们不在和世界合一的时候，我们疯狂的自我却互相怜惜，并永远继续这场相互隔绝的疫症。

let's live with each other and take it a breath at a time. if we can get under that heavy self, light a torch of awareness, and find our essence, our connection to the infinite and every other living thing. we knew it from the day we were born. let's not be freaked out by our bountiful nothingness. it's more a reality than the ones our selves have created. imagine what kind of e_istence we can have if we honor inevitable death of self, appreciate the privilege of life and marvel at what comes ne_t. simple awareness is where it begins.

让我们共生共荣，并不要太过激进着急。试着放下沉重的自我，点亮知觉的火把，寻找我们的本源，我们与万事万物之间的联系。我们初生时就懂得这个道理的。不要被我们内心丰富的空白吓到，这比我们虚构的自我要真实。想象如果你能接受自我并不存在，你想要如何生活，感恩生命的可贵和未来的惊奇。简单的觉醒就是开始。

thank you for listening.

(applause) 谢谢。

(鼓掌)

第8篇 ted英语演讲稿：on what we think we know？我们以为自己知道的范文

i'm going to try and e_plain why it is that perhaps we don't understand as much as we think we do. i'd like to begin with four questions. this is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year. that's an in-joke, by the way.

我会试着解释为何我们知道的东西很可能并没有我们自以为知道的多我想从四个问题开始,不是那种今年流行的文化问题对了，刚刚那句是个圈内笑话

but these four questions, actually, are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard. and they're questions that i've asked of science television producers, of audiences of science educators -- so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds, and i find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.

不过这四个问题，事实上即使是很懂科学的人也会觉得很难应答我拿这些问题去问科学节目制片人问那些有科学教育背景的观众也问教科学的老师还有七岁孩童我发现七岁孩童答得比其他人好这是有些令人惊讶

so the first question, and you might want to write this down, either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper in your head. and, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.

第一个问题，我建议你把问题记下来抄在纸上，或想像中的纸上坐在电脑前的你也可以试著作答.

a little seed weighs ne_t to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right? i think we agree on that. where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair, right? where does all this stuff come from?

种籽很轻，而大树很重，是吗?我想我们都同意吧，大树用来制成椅子的东西是从哪来的? 对吧?这些东西都是怎么来的?

(knocks)

(敲椅声)

and your ne_t question is, can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire? and would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram, if you had to do it? or would you just say, that's actually not possible?

问题二，你能否点亮一个小灯泡只用1个电池、1个灯泡、和1条电线? 那你能画出上述问题的图解吗?不用真的画但如果需要的话，你能画出来吗? 还是你会说这个不可能?

the third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? i think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter, but why? and finally, would you be able to -- and you can sort of scribble it, if you like -- scribble a plan diagram of the solar system, showing the shape of the planets' orbits? would you be able to do that? and if you can, just scribble a pattern.

第三个问题，为什么夏天比冬天热? 大家应该都同意夏天比冬天还热但为何如此?最后，你能不能简单的勾勒出太阳系的平面图... 呈现出行星轨道运行的形状你可以画得出来吗? 你画得出来的话，就把形状画出来

ok. now, children get their ideas not from teachers, as teachers often think, but actually from common sense, from e_perience of the world around them, from all the things that go on between them and their peers, and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. e_perience. and one of the great e_perts in this field, of course, was, bless him, cardinal wolsey. be very careful what you get into people's heads because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?

好，孩童对事物的概念不是老师教的老师时常这么以为，但实际上概念来自于常理来自于孩童对周遭世界的体验来自于他们跟同伴彼此交流还有跟保姆、父母亲、所有人交流的经验这个领域中的一个专家，对了，愿他安息就是渥西主教，他说要你将东西放进其他人的闹袋里的时候要小心因为那些东西几乎不会再改变，对吧?

(laughter)

(笑声)

i'm not quite sure how he died, actually. was he beheaded in the end, or hung?

我不太清楚他的死因，真的他最后上了断头台?还是被吊死?

(laughter)

(笑声)

now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right, and you haven't been conferring, and so on. and i -- you know, normally, i would pick people out and humiliate, but maybe not in this instance.

现在回到那四个问题，大家都知道是什么问题了你们彼此之间也没有讨论答案我平时习惯点人站起来回答让他丢脸不过这次就不点了

a little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff, 99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air. now, i guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at ted, will have said it comes out of the ground. and some people, probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards, and say that actually, it comes out of the ground. now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country, filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business. but, actually, we don't do that. the mass of this comes out of the air. now, i passed all my biology e_ams in britain. i passed them really well, but i still came out of school thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.

种籽可以很重，基本上所有的这些 99%都来自于空气我相信有85%的人，或许在你们ted会比较少会说木材来自于大地，而有些人也许你们中的一两位，可能结束后会来找我争论说木材其实是来自于大地若是如此，那我们就会有让卡车跑来跑去把人们的花园都填上土，那会是很棒的生意。不过实际上我们不会那么做因为木材的材料大部分其实是从空气中来的我在英国念书时考生物每考必过我的成绩很好，但毕业后还是以为木材来自于大地

second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire? yes, you can, and i'll show you in a second how to do that. now, i have some rather bad news, which is that i had a piece of video that i was about to show you, which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room, so i'm going to describe to you, in true 'monty python' fashion, what happens in the video. and in the video, a group of researchers go to mit on graduation day. we chose mit because, obviously, that's a very long way away from here, and you wouldn't mind too much, but it sort of works the same way in britain and in the west coast of the usa. and we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them. and so, there's a whole lot of people saying, 'i'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air. that's very surprising to me.' and those are science graduates. and we intercut it with, 'we are the premier science university in the world,' because of british-like hubris.

你能用一枚电池和一根电线点亮灯泡吗? 是，你可以，我会示范怎么做。不过，现在有个坏消息本来有个影片要给大家看可惜在这边声音放不出来所以我就口头描述一下的，用巨蟒剧团的表演方式，影片内容是这样的，在影片里有一群研究员在毕业典礼那天去麻省理工学院为什么是麻省理工呢?因为它离这里很远大家也就不会太介意不过场景设在英国结果也差不多或是设在美国西岸我们问了麻省理工的毕业生这四个问题这些理工科毕业生也答不出来而且还有很多学生表示 “我很惊讶你说木材是从空气中来的 ”这真的让我很吃惊“，那些理工的毕业生这么说我们用”我们是全球第一的理工大学“来作影片的结尾。因为英国人很傲慢

(laughter)

(笑声)

and when we gave graduate engineers that question, they said it couldn't be done. and when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb, and said, 'can you do it?' they couldn't do it. right? and that's no different from imperial college in london, by the way, it's not some sort of anti-american thing going on.

我们拿第二个问题去问硕士毕业的工程师们他们说这不可能做得到我们拿了电池、电线、和灯泡问他们”你能做到吗?“，他们没办法，是吧? 顺道一提，伦敦的帝国学院的情况估计也差不多如此我们不是在做什么反美的事

as if. now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money for teaching people -- we might as well get it right. and there are also some societal reasons why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening in photosynthesis. for e_ample, one half of the carbon equation is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation, as i'm very conscious as a trustee of kew, is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dio_ide out of the atmosphere.

虽然听来颇像。问题的关键是我们花了很多钱来教育大众，我们应该正确地来做这件事。其中也有一些社会因素让我们想使大众了解光合作用如何运作例如，有一半的碳储量是人类排放的而另一半碳储量我相当关切，身为皇家植物园的受托管理人

that's what plants actually do for a living. and, for any finnish people in the audience, this is a finnish pun: we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice if we don't understand that kind of thing.now, here's how you do the battery and the bulb. it's so easy, isn't it? of course, you all knew that. but if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb, if you've only seen a circuit diagram, you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.

是植物吸收多少二氧化碳植物就是以此维生的如果在场有芬兰人，这是芬兰话的双关语我们无论在实际上或隐喻上，都是如履薄冰要是我们不明白那些事电池和灯泡只要这要做就行很简单，不是吗?你们都懂了但要是你没有亲手碰过电池和灯泡如果你只看过电路图你可能就做不出来，这是个麻烦

so, why is it hotter in summer than in winter? we learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot, and it burns you. it's a very powerful bit of learning, and it happens pretty early on. by e_tension, we think to ourselves, 'why it's hotter in summer than in winter must be because we're closer to the sun.' i promise you that most of you will have got that. oh, you're all shaking your heads, but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.

那么，为何夏天比冬天热? 我们从小就知道，离热的东西太近你就被烫到，这真很有效的教育方法很小的时候大家就学到了延伸这个论点，我们觉得夏天比冬天热一定是因为我们离太阳比较近我相信大多人都懂了哦，大家都在摇头不过只有几个人摇得很坚定

other ones are kind of going like this. all right. it's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the sun are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the earth. and if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't. the sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right? it makes no odds. in fact, in the northern hemisphere, we're further from the sun in summer, as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.

其他人只是这样子摇而已，好吧夏天比冬天热是因为太阳的辐射线传播得比较多，地球倾斜的关系如果你以为是朝太阳的方向倾斜，那就错了太阳离地球1亿5千万公里，地球倾斜角度大略如此倾斜不是差别所在，在北半球夏天时我们离太阳更远跟倾斜没有关系

ok, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system. if you believe, as most of you probably do, that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the sun, you must have drawn an ellipse. right? that would e_plain it, right? e_cept, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse, have you thought, 'well, what happens during the night?'

好，问题四是画出太阳系的平面图如果大家相信，大多数可能都相信夏天比冬天热是因为地球离太阳较近大家应该都画了椭圆形对吧?这就能解释了吧? 除非，你点头了，你画了个椭圆形你有想过，「夜晚又是怎么回事」?

between australia and here, right, they've got summer and we've got winter, and what -- does the earth kind of rush towards the sun at night, and then rush back again? i mean, it's a very strange thing going on, and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right, and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.

澳洲和美国这边，澳洲是夏天这边是冬天，难道说地球在晚上会冲向太阳然后再冲回来?这实在很奇怪我们脑中有两种思考模式，对的和错的身为人类，我们在很多领域都这样思考

so, here's copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan. that's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. right? and this is nasa's view. they're stunningly similar. i hope you notice the coincidence here.

左边是哥白尼画的太阳系平面图跟你们纸上画的差不多，对吧右边是nasa的版本，两张图非常相似我希望大家注意其中的巧合要是你知道人们有错误观念

what would you do if you knew that people had this misconception, right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits caused by our e_periences as children? what sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system, to show that it's not really like that? you'd show them something like this, wouldn't you? it's a plan, looking down from above. but, no, look what i found in the te_tbooks. that's what you show people, right?

你会怎么做在他们脑中，楕圆形的轨道是他们儿时经验教的吗? 你会给他们看什么样的太阳系示意图? 证明太阳系不是他们想的那样你会给他们看这种图吗? 这是俯瞰的平面图可是并非如此，瞧瞧我在教科书里找到的你会给他们看这种图对吧?

these are from te_tbooks, from websites, educational websites -- and almost anything you pick up is like that. and the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring to have a load of concentric circles, whereas that's much more e_citing, to look at something at that angle, isn't it? right?

出自教科书出自教育网站你找得到的几乎都是这种图会以这种视角呈现是因为只有一堆同心圆太死板无趣从这种视角看太阳系比较新鲜刺激不是吗?

and by doing it at that angle, if you've got that misconception in your head, then that two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses. so you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? as we say.

因为弄成这种视角如果你脑中有了这种误解用二度空间来呈现三度空间就会变成椭圆形这真是糟糕，可不是吗?

so, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models. we do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else, and we do it in science as well. so we look, just look -- and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.

因此，我们寻求证据来增强我们的心智模式我们用这种方式处理种族、政治、所有事当然也用这种方式处理科学，我们只观看是科学家在这么做，我们不断寻求证据来增强我们的心智模式，有些人很有办法也乐意提供证据来增强那些模式

so, being i'm in the united states, i'll have a dig at the europeans. these are e_amples of what i would say is bad practice in science teaching centers.

所以我现在人在美国，就会说欧洲人的坏话这些图片都是我认为不良的科学教育

these pictures are from la villette in france and the welcome wing of the science museum in london. and, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed, there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional -- in that way that, you know, woody allen comes up from under the sheets in that scene in 'annie hall,' and said, 'god, that's so professional.' and that you don't -- there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right, and, you know, pun intended.

类似教学中心，这些图取自法国维叶特科博馆以及伦敦科博馆的迎宾翼展示区你看看这些东西建成的模样有很多玻璃隔板，蓝光色调，弄得很专业似的那种方式，就像是伍迪艾伦从床单里冒出来在《安妮霍尔》戏中的那一幕他说“老天，这真是太专业了” 这其中没有热情，没有动手参与，是吗这是个双关，不过也有好的教学方法

whereas good interpretation -- i'll use an e_ample from nearby -- is san francisco e_ploratorium, where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on, are made out of everyday objects that children can understand, it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and e_periment with. and i know that if the graduates at mit and in the imperial college in london had had the battery and the wire and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it, they would have learned how it actually works, rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it. so good interpretation is more about things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right? and things that -- where there isn't an e_tra barrier of a piece of glass or machined titanium, and it all looks fantastic, ok?

我举一个例子，离这里很近，旧金山探索馆在那里所有的东西，展示品之类的都是用孩子能懂的日常用品做成的都可以动手玩，孩子们可以专心玩好好体验我知道麻省理工毕业生以及伦敦帝国学院毕业生手上有电池电线点亮灯泡的话他们会明白其中的原理而不是觉得他们照着电路图来做是做不到的好的教学方法不是沉溺陶醉在自己世界里对吧? 那些东西也不该被隔着用玻璃或是钛制品隔开看起来很漂亮就好，好吗?

and the e_ploratorium does that really, really well. and it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense, in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.

旧金山探索馆在这点做得非常好看上去很业余，但业余得很对头也就是说，根本的出发点是出自爱和热情

so, children are not empty vessels, ok?so, as 'monty python' would have it, this is a bit lord privy seal to say so, but this is -- children are not empty vessels.

所以，孩童不是空瓶子用“巨蟒剧团”的说法就是有点像英国掌玺大臣会说的意思是说孩童不是空无一物的瓶子

they come with their own ideas and their own theories, and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them, right?

他们生来就有自己的想法和理念如果你没从这些地方着手，就改变不了他们对吧?

and i probably haven't shifted your ideas of how the world and universe operates, either. but this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.

我大概没有改变大家的想法对于世界和宇宙到底如何运作不过这些道理同样可以用在推销新科技上也

for e_ample, we are, in britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover of the whole population into digital technology [for television].

例如，在英国，我们试着把全部的电视都换成新科技的数位电视

and it's one of the difficult things is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works, it's quite difficult to shift those.

有个难题是人们对事物运作的方式一旦有了成见就很难去改变

so we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have as children persist into adulthood. poor teaching actually does more harm than good.

我们不是空瓶子，我们保有心智模式从幼年到成年一直都存在不良的教学是弊多于利

in this country and in britain, magnetism is understood better by children before they've been to school than afterwards, ok? same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling, as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after, that's quite worrying. they do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.

在美国和英国，在磁力知识上孩童在就学前学得比较好重力知识也一样，两个不同概念，这实在可悲如果你是个老师，看见受教前和受教后的差别实在令人忧心，学童在受教后考得更差

and we collude. we design tests, or at least in britain, so that people pass them. right? and governments do very well. they pat themselves on the back. ok?

我们都是共犯，我们设计测验方式至少在英国是这样，好让人们能通过考试政府也帮了不少忙，他们推波助澜懂吗?

we collude, and actually if you -- if someone had designed a test for me when i was doing my biology e_ams, to really understand, to see whether i'd understood more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together and seeing it go blue, and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air, then i might have done better at science. so the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.

我们都是共犯如果有人替我设计测验在我要考生物的时候让我能真正明白，明白我是否真的懂了不是只在淀粉中加入碘液看着反应呈现蓝色而且能真正明白植物是从空气中茁壮的我的科学可能就会学得比较好所以，最重要的是要让人们能表述清楚他们的模型

your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift? an obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads. and the second question to that then is, ensure you've e_plained how it is that planes can fly upside down. ah ha, right.

回家作业是，机翼是怎样帮助飞机起飞的? 这问题很好懂，大家心中也有答案了注意事项是你要确保自己能解释为何飞机头向下的时候也能飞，对吧

second question is, why is the sea blue? all right? and you've all got an idea in your head of the answer. so, why is it blue on cloudy days? ah, see.

问题二，海为何是蓝色的? 大家心中应该都有答案了那么，为什么阴天时海还是蓝的?看吧 (笑声) 我一直想在美国讲这句话

(laughter)

(笑声)

i've always wanted to say that in this country. (laughter) finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children, and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff, because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know, you complement your other learning. it's not a replacement, it's just part of learning that's important. thank you very much. now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.

最后，我希望大家能让自己，还有孩子以及任何你认识的人，去动手接触事物因为亲自接触了事物，你知道的你就补足了其他方面的学习不足，这不是替换这只是学习中很重要的一部分谢谢大家那么，噢，没关系，继续吧

(applause)

(鼓掌)

第9篇挑战自己的英语演讲稿

it’s my great pleasure to stand here to present my speech—change the world, change ourselves.

at last i’d like to share a famouse saying of gandhi with all of you ,that is:if you want to change the world, then you must change yourself first.”

第10篇英语演讲稿范本：拥抱他人，拥抱自己

thandie newton embracing otherness, embracing myself

拥抱他人，拥抱自己

19岁的时候，我已经是富有经验的专业电影演员，而我还是在寻找自我的定义。我申请了大学的人类学专业。phyllis lee博士面试了我，她问我：“你怎么定义种族?”我觉得我很了解这个话题，我说：“肤色。”“那么生物上来说呢，例如遗传基因?”她说，“thandie 肤色并不全面，其实一个肯尼亚黑人和乌干达黑人之间基因差异比一个肯尼亚黑人和挪威白人之间差异要更多。因为我们都是从非洲来的，所以在非洲，基因变异演化的时间是最久的。”换句话说，种族在生物学或任何科学上都没有事实根据。另一方面，我对于自我的定义瞬时失去了一大片基础。但那就是生物学事实，我们都是非洲后裔，一位在160 0__年前的伟大女性mitochondrial eve的后人。而种族这个无效的概念是我们基于恐惧和无知自己捏造出来的。

第11篇 ted英语演讲：你在为自己创造着怎样的现实

演讲者：isaac lidsky 艾萨克

| 中英对照演讲稿 |

when dorothy was a little girl, she wasfascinated by her goldfish. her father e_plained to her that fish swim byquickly wagging their tails to propel themselves through the water. withouthesitation, little dorothy responded, 'yes, daddy, and fish swim backwardsby wagging their heads.'

当多萝西还是一个小女孩的时候，她被她的金鱼迷住了。她的父亲向她解释，鱼是通过快速摇尾推动自己在水中前进。毫无犹豫地，小多萝西回答道，“是的，爸爸，而且鱼会通过摇头来后退。”

in her mind, it was a fact as true as anyother. fish swim backwards by wagging their heads. she believed it.

在她的心里，这是一个确切的事实。鱼通过摇头来后退。她坚信如此。

our lives are full of fish swimmingbackwards. we make assumptions and faulty leaps of logic. we harbor bias. weknow that we are right, and they are wrong. we fear the worst. we strive forunattainable perfection. we tell ourselves what we can and cannot do. in ourminds, fish swim by in reverse frantically wagging their heads and we don'teven notice them.

我们的生活中充满着倒游的鱼。我们制造假设和错误跳跃的逻辑。我们心怀偏见。我们知道我们是对的，而他们是错的。我们害怕最糟糕的。我们力求无法获得的完美。我们告诉自己什么是我们能做的和不能做的。在我们心里，鱼是通过往相反方向疯狂摇头来游泳的，而我们甚至不曾察觉过它们。

i'm going to tell you five facts aboutmyself. one fact is not true. one: i graduated from harvard at 19 with anhonors degree in mathematics. two: i currently run a construction company inorlando. three: i starred on a television sitcom. four: i lost my sight to arare genetic eye disease. five: i served as a law clerk to two us supreme courtjustices. which fact is not true? actually, they're all true. yeah. they're alltrue.

我想告诉你们五件关于我的事实。其中有一件不是真的。第一：我19岁的时候以数学荣誉学士学位毕业于哈佛大学。第二：我现在在奥兰多经营着一家建筑公司。第三：我主演过一部电视情景剧。第四：我因为患上一种罕有的遗传性眼疾而失去了视力。第五：我曾经给两位美国最高法院的法官当过法律助手。哪一个不是真的呢?事实上，它们都是真的。是的，它们都是真的。

at this point, most people really only careabout the television show.

这时候，大部分人其实都只关心那部电视剧。

i know this from e_perience. ok, so theshow was nbc's 'saved by the bell: the new class.' and i playedweasel wyzell, who was the sort of dorky, nerdy character on the show, whichmade it a very major acting challenge for me as a 13-year-old boy.

这是经验告诉我的。好吧，那部电视剧是nbc的“savedbythebell:thenewclass.'而我饰演了weaselwyzell，一个在剧中带点笨拙书呆子性格的角色，对于13岁的我来说，这是一个很重大的演出挑战。

now, did you struggle with number four, myblindness? why is that? we make assumptions about so-called disabilities. as ablind man, i confront others' incorrect assumptions about my abilities everyday. my point today is not about my blindness, however. it's about my vision.going blind taught me to live my life eyes wide open. it taught me to spotthose backwards-swimming fish that our minds create. going blind cast them intofocus.

现在，你是否纠结于第四个事实，我的失明?为什么会这样呢?我们对所谓的残疾做出一些假设。作为盲人，我每天都面对别人对我能力的错误假设。然而，我今天的重点不在于我的失明。而是在于我的视野。失明教会我用开阔的眼界去生活。它教会我去发现那些倒游的鱼，我们内心创造出来的鱼。失明使它们变成了焦点。

what does it feel like to see? it'simmediate and passive. you open your eyes and there's the world. seeing isbelieving. sight is truth. right? well, that's what i thought.

看得见是怎么样的一种感觉?是即时并且被动的。你睁开双眼，世界就在你眼前。看见什么相信什么。眼见为实。对吧?好吧，我当初是这么想的。

then, from age 12 to 25, my retinasprogressively deteriorated. my sight became an increasingly bizarre carnivalfunhouse hall of mirrors and illusions. the salesperson i was relieved to spotin a store was really a mannequin. reaching down to wash my hands, i suddenlysaw it was a urinal i was touching, not a sink, when my fingers felt its trueshape.

接着，从12岁到15岁，我的视网膜逐渐衰弱。我的视像变成了愈加奇异的嘉年华游乐场里的哈哈镜。我在商店里好不容易发现的销售员实际上是一个人体模型。俯下身去洗手，当我的手指感受到它的真实形状，我意识到我去触摸的是小便池，而不是洗手池。

a friend described the photograph in my hand, and only then i could seethe image depicted. objects appeared, morphed and disappeared in my reality. itwas difficult and e_hausting to see. i pieced together fragmented, transitoryimages, consciously analyzed the clues, searched for some logic in my crumblingkaleidoscope, until i saw nothing at all.

一位朋友向我描述我手中的照片，只有在那时候我才能明白图像描画了些什么。物体在我的现实中出现、变形和消失。看见成为了一件困难的使我筋疲力尽的事情。我把支离破碎的、片刻的图像拼接起来，凭感觉分析线索，在我破碎的万花筒中寻找符合逻辑的对应，直到我什么都看不见。

i learned that what we see is not universaltruth. it is not objective reality. what we see is a unique, personal, virtualreality that is masterfully constructed by our brain.

我认识到我们所看到的并不即是普遍真理。并不是客观现实。我们所看到的是独一无二的虚拟现实，它是由我们的大脑巧妙地构造出来的。

let me e_plain with a bit of amateurneuroscience. your visual corte_ takes up about 30 percent of your brain.that's compared to appro_imately eight percent for touch and two to threepercent for hearing. every second, your eyes can send your visual corte_ as manyas two billion pieces of information. the rest of your body can send your brainonly an additional billion. so sight is one third of your brain by volume andcan claim about two thirds of your brain's processing resources. it's nosurprise then that the illusion of sight is so compelling. but make no mistakeabout it: sight is an illusion.

请让我以外行的身份解释一遍神经系统学。你的视觉皮层占据了你脑部的大概30%。相比于触觉的8%以及听觉的2-3%。每一秒钟，你的双眼能够向你的视觉皮层传达多达二十亿的信息片段。其余的身体部分加起来也仅能够传达另外的十亿。所以视觉占据了你脑部容量的三分之一并且占用了你脑部中三分之二的信息处理资源。因此意想得到的是视觉幻象是多么的令人信服。但是别误会了：我们所看到的只是一种幻象。

here's where it gets interesting. to createthe e_perience of sight, your brain references your conceptual understanding ofthe world, other knowledge, your memories, opinions, emotions, mentalattention. all of these things and far more are linked in your brain to yoursight. these linkages work both ways, and usually occur subconsciously. so for e_ample, what you see impacts how you feel, and the way you feel can literally change what you see.

这是事情变得有趣的地方。为了制造视觉经验，你的大脑参考了你对这个世界的概念性理解，其它知识、你的记忆、看法、情绪和心理关注。所有的这些东西和以及其它的都连结于你的大脑和视觉景象之间。这些连结是双向作用的，并且常常在潜意识中发生。举例子来说，你所看到的会影响到你的感觉，而你的感觉又能够直接改变你所看到的。

numerous studies demonstrate this. if you are asked toestimate the walking speed of a man in a video, for e_ample, your answer willbe different if you're told to think about cheetahs or turtles. a hill appearssteeper if you've just e_ercised, and a landmark appears farther away if you'rewearing a heavy backpack. we have arrived at a fundamental contradiction.

许多的研究证明了这一点。如果你被要求去估计视频中人物的行走速度，举例来说，在被告知去想着猎豹或者乌龟的情况下，你的答案将会不一样。如果你刚刚运动完，你会感觉山变陡峭了，如果你背着一个很重的背包，眼前的目的地看起来距离更远。我们在这里遇到了一种基本的矛盾。

what you see is a comple_ mental construction of your own making, but you e_perienceit passively as a direct representation of the world around you. you createyour own reality, and you believe it. i believed mine until it broke apart. thedeterioration of my eyes shattered the illusion.

你肉眼所看到的东西是你自己创造的一种复杂的心智建造，但是你被动地经历着它让它作为你周遭世界的一种直接呈现。你创造了属于你自己的现实并且深信着它。我深信于我的现实直到它瓦解了。我双眼的衰退粉碎了这种幻象。

you see, sight is just one way we shape ourreality. we create our own realities in many other ways. let's take fear asjust one e_ample. your fears distort your reality. under the warped logic offear, anything is better than the uncertain. fear fills the void at all costs,passing off what you dread for what you know, offering up the worst in place ofthe ambiguous, substituting assumption for reason. psychologists have a greatterm for it: awfulizing.

你看，视觉只是我们认识世界的一种途径。我们可以通过许多其它的方式去创造属于我们自己的现实。让我们来举恐惧作为一个例子。你的恐惧扭曲了你的现实。在扭曲的恐惧逻辑影响下，任何事情都比未知要好。恐惧不惜一切代价填补空白，把你所惧怕的冒充成你所知道的，让最糟糕取代了不明确，使假设代替了原因。心理学家对此有一个很好的术语：往坏处想。

right? fear replaces the unknown with theawful. now, fear is self-realizing. when you face the greatest need to lookoutside yourself and think critically, fear beats a retreat deep inside yourmind, shrinking and distorting your view, drowning your capacity for criticalthought with a flood of disruptive emotions. when you face a compellingopportunity to take action, fear lulls you into inaction, enticing you topassively watch its prophecies fulfill themselves.

对吧?恐惧把未知的替换成了可怕的。现在，恐惧在自我实现着。当你非常迫切的需要去客观看待自己并进行批判性思考的时候，恐惧在你的内心深处打起了退堂鼓，收缩并扭曲你的观点，以洪水般涌现的破坏性情绪淹没你批判思考的能力。当你面对一个极具吸引力的机会去采取行动时，恐惧误导你去无所作为，诱使你被动地看着它的预言一个个实现成真。

when i was diagnosed with my blindingdisease, i knew blindness would ruin my life. blindness was a death sentencefor my independence. it was the end of achievement for me. blindness meant iwould live an unremarkable life, small and sad, and likely alone. i knew it.this was a fiction born of my fears, but i believed it. it was a lie, but itwas my reality, just like those backwards-swimming fish in little dorothy'smind. if i had not confronted the reality of my fear, i would have lived it. iam certain of that.

当我被诊出患有致盲眼疾时，我料到失明将会毁了我的生活。失明对我的独立能力判了死刑。它是我一生成就的终点。失明意味着我将度过平凡的一生，渺小且凄惨，极有可能孤独终老。我就知道会这样。这是我因为恐惧带来的胡编乱造，但我相信了。它是一个谎言，但它曾是我的现实。就像小多萝西内心那些倒游的鱼一样。如若我不曾面对过我内心恐惧创造出来的现实，我会就那样活着。我很确定。

so how do you live your life eyes wideopen? it is a learned discipline. it can be taught. it can be practiced. i willsummarize very briefly.

所以你们如何去以开阔的眼界生活呢?这是一个需要学习的学科。它能被传授。它能被练习。我简单地总结一下。

hold yourself accountable for every moment,every thought, every detail. see beyond your fears. recognize your assumptions.harness your internal strength. silence your internal critic. correct yourmisconceptions about luck and about success. accept your strengths and yourweaknesses, and understand the difference. open your hearts to your bountifulblessings.

让自己学会负责，对每一时刻，每个想法，每个细节。超越你内心的恐惧。识别出你所作的假设。展现你内在的能力。消除你内心的批判。修正你对于运气和成功的错误概念。接受自己的长处和短处，并清楚认识它们之间的区别。打开你的心扉去迎接对你满满的祝福。

your fears, your critics, your heroes, yourvillains -- they are your e_cuses, rationalizations, shortcuts, justifications,your surrender. they are fictions you perceive as reality. choose to seethrough them. choose to let them go. you are the creator of your reality. withthat empowerment comes complete responsibility.

你的恐惧，你的批判，你的英雄，你的敌人——他们都是你的借口、合理化作用、捷径、辩护、屈服。它们是你错认为现实的小说。尝试选择看穿它们。尝试让它们远离自己。你是自我现实的创造者。伴随这种权利而来的是你需要负起全部的责任。

i chose to step out of fear's tunnel intoterrain uncharted and undefined. i chose to build there a blessed life. farfrom alone, i share my beautiful life with dorothy, my beautiful wife, with ourtriplets, whom we call the tripskys, and with the latest addition to thefamily, sweet baby clementine.

我选择走出恐惧的隧道，步入了未知的领域。我选择在那里构建幸福的人生。远离孤单，我分享我的美好生活，与多萝西，我美丽的妻子，与我们的三胞胎，我们称之为“tripskys”，还有新添的家庭成员，可爱的宝贝克莱蒙蒂。

what do you fear? what lies do you tellyourself? how do you embellish your truth and write your own fictions? whatreality are you creating for yourself?

你在害怕什么?你在欺骗自己什么?你是如何修饰自己的真相，编写自己的小说?你在为自己创造着怎么样的现实?

in your career and personal life, in yourrelationships, and in your heart and soul, your backwards-swimming fish do yougreat harm. they e_act a toll in missed opportunities and unrealized potential,and they engender insecurity and distrust where you seek fulfillment andconnection. i urge you to search them out.

在你的职业生涯和个人生活中，在你的人际关系中，在你的内心和灵魂中，倒游的鱼给你带来巨大的伤害。它们使你为错失的机会以及尚未实现的潜能付出代价。它们在你寻求满足与联系时引起你的不安以及不信任。我呼吁大家把它们找出来。

helen keller said that the only thing worsethan being blind is having sight but no vision. for me, going blind was aprofound blessing, because blindness gave me vision. i hope you can see what isee.

海伦·凯勒曾说过，唯一比失明更糟糕的是拥有视力，却没有远见。失明对我来说是一种深深的祝福，因为失明给予了我远见。我衷心希望你们也能看见我所看见的。

thank you.(applause)

谢谢。(掌声)

bruno giussani: isaac, before you leave thestage, just a question. this is an audience of entrepreneurs, of doers, ofinnovators. you are a ceo of a company down in florida, and many are probablywondering, how is it to be a blind ceo? what kind of specific challenges do youhave, and how do you overcome them?

布鲁诺·朱萨尼：艾萨克，在你离开之前，我想问一个问题。在座的各位都是创业者、实干家、创新者。你是佛罗里达一家公司的执行总裁，很多人大概都会好奇，身为一名失明的执行总裁究竟是怎么样的呢?这使你面临哪些具体的挑战，而你又是怎么克服它们的呢?

isaac lidsky: well, the biggest challengebecame a blessing. i don't get visual feedback from people.

艾萨克·利德斯基：好吧，最大的挑战成了一种祝福。我看不到别人的反应。

bg: what's that noise there? il: yeah. so,for e_ample, in my leadership team meetings, i don't see facial e_pressions orgestures. i've learned to solicit a lot more verbal feedback. i basically forcepeople to tell me what they think. and in this respect, it's become, like isaid, a real blessing for me personally and for my company, because wecommunicate at a far deeper level, we avoid ambiguities, and most important, myteam knows that what they think truly matters.

布：有什么声音在哪里吗?艾：是的。比如说在我的领导团队的会议中，我无法看到别人的表情或者手势。我学会去征求更多的言语反馈。我基本都要求人们把他们的想法告诉我。正因如此，它成为了，如我所说，对我个人还有我公司的一种真正的祝福。因为我们获得了更深层次的沟通。我们避免了歧义，还有更重要的，我的团队清楚知道他们的想法是真的要紧的。

bg: isaac, thank you for coming to ted. il:thank you, bruno.

布：艾萨克，感谢你来到了ted。艾：谢谢你，布鲁诺。

第12篇 ted英语演讲：认为自己丑会对你不利

认为自己丑会对你不利

this is my niece, stella. she's just turned one and started to walk. and she's walking in that really cool way that one-year-olds do, a kind of teetering, my-body's-moving- too-fast-for-my-legs kind of way.it is absolutely gorgeous. and one of her favorite things to do at the moment is to stare at herself in the mirror. she absolutely loves her reflection. she giggles and squeals, and gives herself these big, wet kisses. it is beautiful. apparently, all of her friends do this and my mom tells me that i used to do this,and it got me thinking: when did i stop doing this? when is it suddenly not okay to love the way that we look? because apparently we don't.

这是我的侄女，斯特拉。她刚满一岁并开始学走路了。她正在用一岁的小孩通常使用的非常酷的方式走路，那种摇摇晃晃、身体比腿移动得快得多的方式。这真的很有意思。她最喜欢做的事情之一就是盯着镜子里的自己。她非常喜欢自己在镜子里的影像。她边笑边叫，然后给了镜子中的自己一些大大的、湿湿的吻。很漂亮。很显然，她所有的朋友都这样做，然后我妈说我小时候也是这样的，这让我想到一个问题：我是什么时候停止这样做的? 从什么时候开始，突然间我们不再喜欢自己的长相了?因为很显然我们不再那样做。

ten thousand people every month google, 'am i ugly?' this is faye. faye is 13 and she lives in denver.and like any teenager, she just wants to be liked and to fit in. it's sunday night. she's getting ready for the week ahead at school. and she's slightly dreading it, and she's a bit confused because despite her mom telling her all the time that she's beautiful, every day at school, someone tells her that she's ugly.because of the difference between what her mom tells her and what her friends at school, or her peers at school are telling her, she doesn't know who to believe. so, she takes a video of herself. she posts it to youtube and she asks people to please leave a comment: 'am i pretty or am i ugly?' well, so far, faye has received over 13,000 comments. some of them are so nasty, they don't bear thinking about.this is an average, healthy-looking teenage girl receiving this feedback at one of the most emotionally vulnerable times in her life. thousands of people are posting videos like this, mostly teenage girls, reaching out in this way. but what's leading them to do this?

每个月都有一万人在谷歌上搜索 “我丑吗?“ 这是法耶，她13岁，住在丹佛。就像所有的青少年一样，她也想被别人喜欢并与人相处融洽。这是星期天晚上。她正在为下周的学校生活做准备。她有些害怕，并且有一点困惑，因为尽管她妈妈一直告诉她说她很漂亮，但是每天在学校都会有人说她长得难看。因为她妈妈告诉她的和她在学校的朋友或同龄人告诉她的是不同的，所以她不知道该相信谁。因此，她为自己拍摄了一个视频并放到了youtube上，然后她让大家来评论： “我长得漂亮还是难看?” 截止目前，法耶共收到了超过13000个评论。它们中的一些很下流，不值一提。这是一个普通的、看起来很健康的少女在她生命中情感最脆弱的时光收到的回复。有成千上万的人们上传这样的视频，他们中大部分都是十几岁的女孩，用这种方式来接触外界。然而是什么导致他们这样做的呢?

well, today's teenagers are rarely alone. they're under pressure to be online and available at all times,talking, messaging, liking, commenting, sharing, posting — it never ends. never before have we been so connected, so continuously, so instantaneously, so young. and as one mom told me, it's like there's a party in their bedroom every night. there's simply no privacy. and the social pressures that go along with that are relentless. this always-on environment is training our kids to value themselves based on the number of likes they get and the types of comments that they receive. there's no separation between online and offline life. what's real or what isn't is really hard to tell the difference between. and it's also really hard to tell the difference between what's authentic and what's digitally manipulated.what's a highlight in someone's life versus what's normal in the conte_t of everyday.

今天的青少年很少独处。他们被迫上网并随时保持在线，聊天、发信息、点赞、评论、分享、上传—— 无休无止。我们之前从来没有如此被紧密地联系，而且是如此地无休无止、如此快速，如此年轻。正如一位妈妈跟我说的，似乎每天晚上他们的卧室里都有聚会。简直毫无隐私。而由此伴随而来的社会压力也是残酷的。这种永远在线的环境将我们的孩子训练成要靠通过他们获得的点赞数量和收到的评论来肯定自己的价值。没有线上和线下之分，很难区分什么是真实的什么不是真实的，也很难区分现实和虚拟世界。也分不清日常生活和精彩时光。

and where are they looking to for inspiration? well, you can see the kinds of images that are covering the newsfeeds of girls today. size zero models still dominate our catwalks. airbrushing is now routine.and trends like #thinspiration, #thighgap, #bikinibridge and #proana. for those who don't know, #proana means pro-anore_ia. these trends are teamed with the stereotyping and flagrant objectification of women in today's popular culture. it is not hard to see what girls are benchmarking themselves against. but boys are not immune to this either. aspiring to the chiseled jaw lines and ripped si_ packs of superhero-like sports stars and playboy music artists.

那他们又从哪里去获得灵感呢? 你可以看看那些今天出现在各种新闻中女孩的形象。 “零号尺寸”模特仍然统治着t形台。修饰照片现在也很常见。现在的趋势是#励瘦、#大腿间距、 #比基尼桥和#安娜运动。要跟那些不明白这些的人提一下，#安娜运动的意思是支持厌食。这些趋势与今天的流行文化中对女性的刻板印象和公然物化结合在一起。从中不难看出女孩子们是怎样定位自己的。但是男孩子们对此也不能幸免。他们渴望拥有轮廓分明的下巴线条和像英雄般的体育明星以及花花公子音乐艺术家所拥有的六块腹肌。

but, what's the problem with all of this? well, surely we want our kids to grow up as healthy, well balanced individuals. but in an image-obsessed culture, we are training our kids to spend more time and mental effort on their appearance at the e_pense of all of the other aspects of their identities. so, things like their relationships, the development of their physical abilities, and their studies and so on begin to suffer. si_ out of 10 girls are now choosing not to do something because they don't think they look good enough. these are not trivial activities. these are fundamental activities to their development as humans and as contributors to society and to the workforce. thirty-one percent, nearly one in three teenagers, are withdrawing from classroom debate. they're failing to engage in classroom debate because they don't want to draw attention to the way that they look. one in five are not showing up to class at all on days when they don't feel good about it. and when it comes to e_ams, if you don't think you look good enough, specifically if you don't think you are thin enough, you will score a lower grade point average than your peers who are not concerned with this. and this is consistent across finland, the u.s. and china, and is true regardless of how much you actually weigh. so to be super clear, we're talking about the way you think you look, not how you actually look. low body confidence is undermining academic achievement.

但是, 所有的这些表现的问题是什么呢? 我们当然希望我们的孩子成长为一个健康、均衡发展的个人。但是在这样一个对相貌着迷的文化中，我们正将我们的孩子训练成将更多的时间和精力花在外貌上，而对于其他方面的身份认同关注更少的人。因此，他们会在人际关系、体能发展和学习等方面开始受挫。现在10个女孩中有6个会因为她们觉得自己不够好看而不去做某事。这些都不是琐事。作为人类以及社会和职场的参与者的发展来说，这些都是基本的。有31%，也就是说将近三分之一的青少年会从课堂辩论中退出。他们退出是因为不想让别人注意到他们的长相。有五分之一的青少年在感觉不是很好的时候甚至都不会在班级里露面。考试的时候，如果你觉得自己不够好看，特别是如果你觉得自己不够苗条的话，那么跟那些不关心这些的同学比起来你可能得到的平均分数要比他们低。这一点不管是在芬兰、美国还是中国都是一致的，而且不管你真实的体重是多少。所以非常清楚，我们是在讨论你所认为的自己的长相，而不是你的真实长相。

but it's also damaging health. teenagers with low body confidence do less physical activity, eat less fruits and vegetables, partake in more unhealthy weight control practices that can lead to eating disorders. they have lower self-esteem. they're more easily influenced by people around them and they're at greater risk of depression. and we think it's for all of these reasons that they take more riskswith things like alcohol and drug use; crash dieting; cosmetic surgery; unprotected, earlier se_; and self-harm. the pursuit of the perfect body is putting pressure on our healthcare systems and costing our governments billions of dollars every year.

对身体的信心不足会削弱学业成绩。而且也会有损健康。那些对自己身体信心不足的青少年会更少参加体育活动，吃更少的水果和蔬菜，而会更多参加那些不健康的可能导致饮食失调的体重控制训练。他们的自尊心也会更低。他们更容易受到周围人的影响，并且有更高的抑郁的风险。基于以上理由，我们认为他们有更高的风险去做那些像酗酒、吸毒、快速减肥、整容、无防护措施以及过早的性交和自残这样的事情。对完美身材的追求正使医保系统饱受压力并且每年要花费政府数十亿美元。

and we don't grow out of it. women who think they're overweight — again, regardless of whether they are or are not — have higher rates of absenteeism. seventeen percent of women would not show up to a job interview on a day when they weren't feeling confident about the way that they look.

而且我们并不会因为长大而放弃追求完美身材。那些认为自己超重的妇女——不管她们是否真的超重—— 会有更高的缺勤率。 17%的女性会因为某天感觉对自己的长相不自信而不去参加那天的面试。

have a think about what this is doing to our economy. if we could overcome this, what that opportunity looks like. unlocking this potential is in the interest of every single one of us.

想一下这对我们的经济会有什么影响。如果我们能克服这些，将会带来哪些机会。释放这个潜能将有益于我们每一个人。

but how do we do that? well, talking, on its own, only gets you so far. it's not enough by itself. if you actually want to make a difference, you have to do something. and we've learned there are three key ways: the first is we have to educate for body confidence. we have to help our teenagers developstrategies to overcome image-related pressures and build their self-esteem. now, the good news is that there are many programs out there available to do this. the bad news is that most of them don't work. i was shocked to learn that many well-meaning programs are inadvertently actually making the situation worse. so we need to make damn sure that the programs that our kids are receiving are not only having a positive impact, but having a lasting impact as well.

但是我们该如何去做呢? 单独的空谈，也就只能到此为止了。它本身是不够的。如果你真的想有所改变，你得去做点什么。而我们了解到这里有三个关键的方法：首先我们得培养自己对身体充满信心。我们得帮助青少年想出策略去克服跟形象有关的压力并且建立他们的自尊心。好消息是现在已经有许多这样的项目。坏消息是大多数这样的项目没有效。我很震惊地了解到许多善意的项目却无意中使得情况更糟糕了。因此我们要确保我们的孩子们正在接受的项目不仅是对他们有积极影响的，而且还要有持续的影响。

and the research shows that the best programs address si_ key areas: the first is the influence of family, friends and relationships. the second is media and celebrity culture, then how to handle teasing and bullying, the way we compete and compare with one another based on looks, talking about appearance — some people call this 'body talk' or 'fat talk' — and finally, the foundations of respecting and looking after yourself. these si_ things are crucial starting points for anyone serious about delivering body-confidence education that works. an education is critical, but tackling this problem is going to require each and everyone of us to step up and be better role models for the women and girls in our own lives. challenging the status quo of how women are seen and talked about in our own circles.

it is not okay that we judge the contribution of our politicians by their haircuts or the size of their breasts, or to infer that the determination or the success of an olympian is down to her not being a looker. we need to start judging people by what they do, not what they look like.

we can all start by taking responsibility for the types of pictures and comments that we post on our own social networks. we can compliment people based on their effort and their actions and not on their appearance.

研究表明最好的项目跟六个关键领域有关：首先是家人和亲朋好友的影响。其次是媒体和名人文化，然后是如何处理调侃和欺凌，同其他人基于长相的竞争和比较的方式，对相貌的讨论——有些人称之为'身材谈话“或”肥胖谈话“—— 最后一点，是你尊重和看待自己的基础。这六件事对于那些真正想要实现有效的身体信心教育的人来说是至关重要的起点。教育是很重要的，但是解决这个问题需要我们所有人提升自己并且成为我们生活中的妇女和女孩们更好的榜样。挑战我们在圈子中如何看待和谈论女性的现状。我们不能仅凭政治家的发型和胸围去判断她的贡献大小，或者因为长相不佳而推断一个奥运会运动员不会成功。我们需要根据人们的所做所为去评判一个人，而不是他们的长相。我们可以从对我们发布在社交网络上的图片和评论担起责任开始做起。我们可以基于人们的努力和行动去赞美他们而不是他们的相貌。

and let me ask you, when was the last time that you kissed a mirror? ultimately, we need to work together as communities, as governments and as businesses to really change this culture of ours so that our kids grow up valuing their whole selves, valuing individuality, diversity, inclusion. we need to put the people that are making a real difference on our pedestals, making a difference in the real world.giving them the airtime, because only then will we create a different world. a world where our kids are free to become the best versions of themselves, where the way they think they look never holds them back from being who they are or achieving what they want in life.

让我来问问你，你上一次对着镜子亲吻是什么时候? 最终，我们需要跟社区、政府和企业一起努力去改变我们的这些文化，这样我们的孩子才能在成长中获得完整的自我，重视个性、多元和包容。我们要让那些正在改变我们的现状的人去改变真实的世界。给他们时间，因为只有这样我们才能创造一个不同的世界，一个我们的孩子可以自由地成为最好的自己的世界，一个他们不会因自己的长相而阻碍他们成为自己想要成为的人或者获得想要的东西的世界。

think about what this might mean for someone in your life. who have you got in mind? is it your wife?your sister? your daughter? your niece? your friend? it could just be the woman a couple of seats away from you today. what would it mean for her if she were freed from that voice of her inner critic, nagging her to have longer legs, thinner thighs, smaller stomach, shorter feet? what could it mean for her if we overcame this and unlocked her potential in that way?

想一下这对你生命中的某个人可能意味着什么。你脑海中出现了谁? 你的妻子? 你妹妹? 你女儿? 你侄女? 还是你的某个朋友?也可能只是今天跟你隔着几个座位的某个女性。这将对她意味着什么呢? 如果她能摆脱内心挑剔的声音唠叨她要有更长更细的大腿,更瘦的肚子和更短的脚。如果我们能克服这些并打开她在那方面的潜力，那对她来说又将意味着什么?

right now, our culture's obsession with image is holding us all back. but let's show our kids the truth.let's show them that the way you look is just one part of your identity and that the truth is we love themfor who they are and what they do and how they make us feel. let's build self-esteem into our school curriculums. let's each and every one of us change the way we talk and compare ourselves to other people. and let's work together as communities, from grassroots to governments, so that the happy little one-year-olds of today become the confident changemakers of tomorrow. let's do this. (applause)

现在，我们的文化中对形象的痴迷阻碍了我们所有人。但是让我们向孩子们展示真相。让我们向他们表明长相只是身份的一部分，而事实是我们爱他们是因为他们是谁和他们的所做所为以及他们给我们的感觉。让我们在学校的课程中设置自尊心科目。让我们每一个人改变我们谈论自己和跟他人比较的方式。让我们作为团体一起努力，从基层到政府，以便这些今天一岁大的快乐的孩子成为明天自信的变革者。让我们这样做吧。 (掌声)

第13篇 ted英语演讲：你第一次意识到自己会死是什么时候

演说题目：the 4 stories we tell ourselves about death

演说者：stephen cave

演讲稿

i have a question: who here remembers when they first realized they were going to die?

我要问大家一件事：在座的各位谁还记得当自己第一次意识到，自己有一天会死去时那一刻的感受?

i do. i was a young boy, and my grandfather had just died, and i remember a few days later lying in bed at night trying to make sense of what had happened. what did it mean that he was dead? where had he gone?it was like a hole in reality had opened up and swallowed him. but then the really shocking question occurred to me: if he could die, could it happen to me too?

我还记得，那时我还是个小男孩，我的祖父刚刚过世了，记得几天后的一个夜晚，我躺在床上，是这回想之前所发生的一切，去世到底意味着什么?他去哪了?有点像现实中有个洞打开，把他吞了。但那时对我而言，有个震撼的问题是：如果他会死去，同样的事也会发生在我身上吗?

could that hole in reality open up and swallow me? would it open up beneath my bed and swallow me as i slept? well, at some point, all children become aware of death. it can happen in different ways, of course, and usually comes in stages. our idea of death develops as we grow older.

现实中真有个洞打开并把我吞下吗?它会在我的床底下打开，并在我睡着的时候把我吞下吗?嗯，某种程度而言，所有的孩子开始意识到死亡。当然，它会以不同的方式发生，并且通常会在某个阶段到来。随着我们年龄的增长，我们对死亡的观念逐渐形成。

and if you reach back into the dark corners of your memory, you might remember something like what i felt when my grandfather died and when i realized it could happen to me too, that sense that behind all of this the void is waiting.

并且如果你回想起，你记忆中的最黑暗的角落时，你或许会想起和我感受相同的的一些事情，在我祖父去世的时侯我意识到，同样事情也会发生在我身上，背后所有这一切的感受，是空虚的等待。

and this development in childhood reflects the development of our species. just as there was a point in your development as a child when your sense of self and of time became sophisticated enough for you to realize you were mortal, so at some point in the evolution of our species, some early human's sense of self and of time became sophisticated enough for them to become the first human to realize, 'i'm going to die.'

在童年时代的这种发展，反应了人类的发展。就像你生命中的某一时刻，还是小孩的时候，对自我和时间的认知，变得十分复杂，你意识到你难逃一死，所有在人类进化的某个时刻，前人对自我和时间的认知，开始变得复杂，然后成为第一批意识到，“我终将会死去。”的人们。

this is, if you like, our curse. it's the price we pay for being so damn clever. we have to live in the knowledge that the worst thing that can possibly happen one day surely will, the end of all our projects, our hopes, our dreams, of our individual world. we each live in the shadow of a personal apocalypse.

如果你能接受，这是我们的诅咒。那是我们对料知死亡所付出的代价。我们不得不生活在，最坏的的事情将会发生的状态下，这一天当然会来，终结我们所有的计划，我们的希望，梦想，也会带走我们的一片天。我们每个人生活在自己的，末日阴影下。

and that's frightening. it's terrifying. and so we look for a way out. and in my case, as i was about five years old, this meant asking my mum. now when i first started asking what happens when we die, the grown-ups around me at the time answered with a typical english mi_ of awkwardness and half-hearted christianity,and the phrase i heard most often was that granddad was now 'up there looking down on us,' and if i should die too, which wouldn't happen of course, then i too would go up there, which made death sound a lot like an e_istential elevator.

那时很吓人，很恐怖的。所以我们试图寻找一个出路。以我为例，在我5岁左右的时候，我去问我的妈妈。现在当我开始问到，我们死亡时会发生什么，我周围的大人们那个时候，会带着尴尬的，基督教的经典语句来回答我，我最常听到的词是，祖父现在，”在天上看着我们“，并且如果我也死去，当然现在不会发生，那时我也会到天上去，让死亡听起来像，一部存在的升降电梯。

now this didn't sound very plausible. i used to watch a children's news program at the time, and this was the era of space e_ploration. there were always rockets going up into the sky, up into space, going up there. but none of the astronauts when they came back ever mentioned having met my granddad or any other dead people. but i was scared, and the idea of taking the e_istential elevator to see my granddad sounded a lot better than being swallowed by the void while i slept. and so i believed it anyway, even though it didn't make much sense.

现在听起来不在是那么的真实可信。那时候我通常会看儿童的新闻节目，那时是个太空探索的时代。经常会有火箭冲向蓝天，进入太空。但是没有一个从太空归来的航天员，提及我见到了我的祖父，或其它死去的人。但那时我很害怕，乘坐可能存在的升降电梯，去见我的祖父，相比在我睡梦中巨大的空间吞噬，的想法更容易接受。所以我就相信了，尽管它没有任何意义。

and this thought process that i went through as a child, and have been through many times since, including as a grown-up, is a product of what psychologists call a bias.

now a bias is a way in which we systematically get things wrong, ways in which we miscalculate, misjudge, distort reality, or see what we want to see, and the bias i'm talking about works like this: confront someone with the fact that they are going to die and they will believe just about any story that tells them it isn't true and they can, instead, live forever, even if it means taking the e_istential elevator.

我小时候就有这种思考模式，从那时候起发生过很多次，长大后也是，这被心理学家称之为，偏误。(偏见与误解)，偏误有自己的流程，让我们按照错误的方式思考事物，计算错误，判断错误，扭曲现实，或者只看到了我们想看到的东西。我这里说的偏误，是这么回事：某些人面对，他们终将会死去的现实，他们只会相信，告诉他们的任何故事都不会是真的，他们可以永久的活着，即便乘坐可能存在的升降电梯。

now we can see this as the biggest bias of all. it has been demonstrated in over 400 empirical studies. now these studies are ingenious, but they're simple. they work like this. you take two groups of people who are similar in all relevant respects, and you remind one group that they're going to die but not the other, then you compare their behavior. so you're observing how it biases behavior when people become aware of their mortality.

现在我们可以将这个视为最大的偏误。它已经被400多项，实证研究证明。这些研究设计的很精巧，但非常简单。它们像这样工作。你找两组，各个方面都很相似的人，并且提醒一组人他们即将死去，而不告诉另一群人，然后比较他们的行为。你会观察到，当人们开始意识到他们大限将至，偏误行为是如何产生的。

and every time, you get the same result:people who are made aware of their mortality are more willing to believe stories that tell them they can escape death and live forever. so here's an e_ample: one recent study took two groups of agnostics, that is people who are undecided in their religious beliefs. now, one group was asked to think about being dead.

并且你每次都能得到相同的结论：意识到会死亡的人，更愿意相信那些，告诉他们能够摆脱死亡，并能长生不老的故事。因此有下面这个例子：找两组不可知论者，这些人没有固定，的宗教信仰。现在，其中一组被要求思考死亡。

the other group was asked to think about being lonely. they were then asked again about their religious beliefs. those who had been asked to think about being dead were afterwards twice as likely to e_press faithin god and jesus. twice as likely. even though the before they were all equally agnostic. but put the fear of death in them, and they run to jesus.

而另一种则被要求思考，孤独。他们再次被问到他们的宗教信仰。那些被要求死亡的那组人，有两倍的可能性来表达，对上帝和耶稣的信仰。两倍的可能性。即使他们之前是同样的不可知论者。但对死亡的恐惧摆在他们面前，他们会向耶稣靠拢。

now, this shows that reminding people of death biases them to believe, regardless of the evidence, and it works not just for religion, but for any kind of belief system that promises immortality in some form, whether it's becoming famous or having children or even nationalism, which promises you can live on as part of a greater whole. this is a bias that has shaped the course of human history.

这表明向人们提醒死亡，会让他们忽视证据，使他们对所相信的事物产生偏误，他不仅仅影响到宗教，如果没有所有以，许诺在某种形式下永生的任何信仰制度，无论是否有名，或有孩子，甚至带民族主义形式，承诺你能成为伟大的整体中的一员生活下去。这样的偏误塑造了，人类的历史。

now, the theory behind this bias in the over 400 studies is called terror management theory, and the idea is simple. it's just this. we develop our worldviews, that is, the stories we tell ourselves about the world and our place in it, in order to help us manage the terror of death. and these immortality stories have thousands of different manifestations, but i believe that behind the apparent diversity there are actually just four basic forms that these immortality stories can take.

目前，在这偏误背后，有超过400多项研究，被称之为恐惧管理理论，这个理论很简单，我们发展出我们的世界观。即我们告诉自己一个，关于时间和我们所在地方的故事，以便帮助我们管理，对死亡的恐惧。而这些永生的故事，有上千种不同的表现形式，但我相信在这些多样化的面目下，实际只有四种基本形式，是这些永生故事都有的。

and we can see them repeating themselves throughout history, just with slight variations to reflect the vocabulary of the day. now i'm going to briefly introduce these four basic forms of immortality story, and i want to try to give you some sense of the way in which they're retold by each culture or generation using the vocabulary of their day.

并且我们能发现他们，在历史中不断重复，仅仅只有细微的差异，用来反应当时的语言。下面我会简要介绍这四种，永生故事的基本形式，并且我希望让你们知道，在各个文化，或在不同时代中，使用当时的语言传播的方式。

now, the first story is the simplest. we want to avoid death, and the dream of doing that in this body in this world forever is the first and simplest kind of immortality story, and it might at first sound implausible, but actually, almost every culture in human history has had some myth or legend of an eli_ir of life or a fountain of youth or something that promises to keep us going forever.

第一个故事是最简单的。我们想要逃避死亡，并且梦想着这身躯，能永久留存在世上，是第一个最简单的永生故事，一开始听起来有些难以置信，但事实上，在人类历史上的每一种文化，都流传着一些神话或传说，关于长生药或者不老泉，或者能让我们一直，活下去的东西。

ancient egypt had such myths, ancient babylon, ancient india. throughout european history, we find them in the work of the alchemists, and of course we still believe this today, only we tell this story using the vocabulary of science. so 100 years ago,hormones had just been discovered, and people hoped that hormone treatments were going to cure aging and disease, and now instead we set our hopes on stem cells, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology.

古埃及有这种传说，古巴比伦，古印度。纵观这个欧洲历史，在炼金术师的工作中可以发现它，直到今天我们依旧相信它，只不过我们使用科学的语言，来讲这个故事。所以120__年前，荷尔蒙被发现了，人们希望荷尔蒙治疗，能使我们永葆青春和治愈疾病，现在我们则是希望干细胞，基因工程，和纳米技术。

but the idea that science can cure death is just one more chapter in the story of the magical eli_ir, a story that is as old as civilization. but betting everything on the idea of finding the eli_ir and staying alive forever is a risky strategy. when we look back through history at all those who have sought an eli_ir in the past, the one thing they now have in common is that they're all dead.

但科学能够治愈死亡的观点，只是神奇的灵丹妙药故事的，又一个章节，和古文明一样古老的故事。但把所有的赌注都压在寻找灵丹妙药，和长生不老上面，这样风险未免太大。当我们回顾整个历史，所有那些在过去寻找灵丹妙药的人，都有个共通点，是他们都难逃一死。

so we need a backup plan, and e_actly this kind of plan b is what the second kind of immortality story offers,and that's resurrection. and it stays with the idea that i am this body, i am this physical organism. it accepts that i'm going to have to die but says, despite that, i can rise up and i can live again. in other words, i can do what jesus did. jesus died, he was three days in the [tomb], and then he rose up and lived again.

所以我们需要个备用方案，精确讲叫b方案，也就是第二类永生的故事，那就是复活。概念是我有这个身躯，是一个有机体。我是会死去的，但不论这些，我可以再次活过来的。换句话说，我能和耶稣一样。耶稣死后，有三天在[墓里]，然后又活过来了。

and the idea that we can all be resurrected to live again is orthodo_ believe, not just for christians but also jews and muslims. but our desire to believe this story is so deeply embedded that we are reinventing it again for the scientific age, for e_ample, with the idea of cryonics. that's the idea that when you die, you can have yourself frozen, and then, at some point when technology has advanced enough, you can be thawed out and repaired and revived and so resurrected.

能够复活的这个概念，不单源于东正教，也属于犹太教和穆斯林的。但我们渴望去相信这个故事，是深植在我们的内心，而到了科学时代，我们又重新将它提了出来，比如，人体冷冻。意思是当你死后，你可以把自己冷冻起来，然后，直到有一天，科技，高度发达的时候，你可以把自己解冻和修复，然后复活。

and so some people believe an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again, and other people believe an omnipotent scientist will do it.

并且有些人相信万能的神，会人他们重新活过来，还有人则相信万能的科学。

but for others, the whole idea of resurrection, of climbing out of the grave, it's just too much like a bad zombie movie. they find the body too messy, too unreliable to guarantee eternal life, and so they set their hopes on the third, more spiritual immortality story, the idea that we can leave our body behind and live on as a soul.

但是对某些人，对复活的这个看法，从坟墓里爬出来，太像一部摆烂的僵尸电影。他们发现自己的身躯腐朽，也不大可能复活，无法拥有永恒的生命，所有他们有第三类型的故事，更偏向于精神上的永生故事，就是我们能够离开我们的身躯，但灵魂永久长存。

now, the majority of people on earth believe they have a soul, and the idea is central to many religions. but even though, in its current form, in its traditional form, the idea of the soul is still hugely popular, nonetheless we are again reinventing it for the digital age, for e_ample with the idea that you can leave your body behind by uploading your mind, your essence, the real you, onto a computer, and so live on as an avatar in the ether.

目前，地球上绝大多数的人，认为他们是有灵魂的，这个观念是许多宗教的核心，即便是这样，在现有的形式下，在传统的形式下，灵魂的观念依旧受到了广泛欢迎，在当今的数字化时代，再次提起它，比如，你可以离开你的身体，你的心智，你的本质，真正的你，上传到了电脑中，以化身活在乙太的世界。

but of course there are skeptics who say if we look at the evidence of science, particularly neuroscience, it suggests that your mind, your essence, the real you, is very much dependent on a particular part of your body, that is, your brain. and such skeptics can find comfort in the fourth kind of immortality story, and that is legacy, the idea that you can live on through the echo you leave in the world, like the great greek warrior achilles, who sacrificed his life fighting at troy so that he might win immortal fame.

但是当然，有人会怀疑说，如果我们察看科学的依据，特别是神经系统科学，提及你的心智，你的本质，真正的你，非常依赖你身体上一个特别的部分，也就是，你的大脑。这样的怀疑者，有着第四类型的永生的故事，那就是遗传的传说。你可以长存在世，透过你遗留在世上的事物,，就像古希腊战士阿基里斯，他在特洛伊的战斗中牺牲了自己的生命，使他赢得了不朽的名声。

and the pursuit of fame is as widespread and popular now as it ever was, and in our digital age, it's even easier to achieve. you don't need to be a great warrior like achilles or a great king or hero. all you need is an internet connection and a funny cat. (laughter)

追求这样的名声从古至今，都一样流行，在当今的数字时代，它更容易实现。你不必要成为像阿基里斯这样的勇士，或者一个伟大的国王或者英雄。你只要能上网和一只有趣的猫。(笑)

but some people prefer to leave a more tangible, biological legacy -- children, for e_ample. or they like, they hope, to live on as part of some greater whole, a nation or a family or a tribe, their gene pool. but again, there are skeptics who doubt whether legacy really is immortality. woody allen, for e_ample, who said, 'i don't want to live on in the hearts of my countrymen. i want to live on in my apartment.'

但有些人希望留下后代----子孙。或是他们想要，希望，成为整个整体中的一部分活下去，一个名族，或者一个家庭或者一个部落，他们的基因库。但有人会怀疑，这些遗产是否，真的能永久流传下去。比如，伍迪，艾伦，曾说过，“我不想活在我同胞的心里。我想活在我的公寓里。“

so those are the four basic kinds of immortality stories, and i've tried to give just some sense of how they're retold by each generation with just slight variations to fit the fashions of the day. and the fact that they recur in this way, in such a similar form but in such different belief systems, suggests, i think, that we should be skeptical of the truth of any particular version of these stories.

所以那些都是四种，基本的永生的故事，我试着说明这些故事，如何一代一代流传着，但也都大同小异，以迎合当今时代的潮流。事实上这些故事不停的被传述，在不同的信仰中有着相似的形式，我觉得，我们应该对，所有这些故事的真实性要有所怀疑。

the fact that some people believe an omnipotent god will resurrect them to live again and others believe an omnipotent scientist will do itsuggests that neither are really believing this on the strength of the evidence. rather, we believe these stories because we are biased to believe them, and we are biased to believe them because we are so afraid of death.

事实上有些人民相信，一个万能的神能让他们复活，还有一些人相信万能的科学能使他们复活，这说明人们在确凿的证据面前，并不相信永生这回事儿，我们相信这些故事，只是因为偏见，我们偏误去相信这些故事，因为我们恐惧死亡。

so the question is, are we doomed to lead the one life we have in a way that is shaped by fear and denial, or can we overcome this bias? well the greek philosopher epicurus thought we could. he argued that the fear of death is natural, but it is not rational. 'death,' he said, 'is nothing to us, because when we are here, death is not, and when death is here, we are gone.'

所以问题是，是否我们的人生注定生活在，对恐惧的抗拒和支配，还是我们能够克服偏误?，古希腊哲学家伊比鸠鲁，认为我们可以克服。他主张我们对死亡的恐惧是天生的，但不是理性的。他说，”死亡对我们来说不算什么，因为但我们在的时候，死亡不在，而当死亡在这里的时候，我们不在了。“

now this is often quoted, but it's difficult to really grasp, to really internalize, because e_actly this idea of being gone is so difficult to imagine. so 2,000 years later, another philosopher, ludwig wittgenstein, put it like this: 'death is not an event in life: we do not live to e_perience death. and so,' he added, 'in this sense, life has no end.'

这句话常被引用，但很难，抓住精髓和真正的内在化，因为所谓的(不存在)，是很难想象的。所以两千年之后，另一位哲学家，路德维格，维根斯坦，这样说：“死亡并非人生中的大事：我们活着不是为了经历死亡，所以”他补充到，“从这个角度来看，生命是没有终点的。“

so it was natural for me as a child to fear being swallowed by the void, but it wasn't rational, because being swallowed by the void is not something that any of us will ever live to e_perience.

当我还小的时候，很自然的对在空虚中被吞噬产生恐惧，但这并非理性，因为在空虚中被吞噬，不是任何人，会活着能够经历到的事情。

now, overcoming this bias is not easy because the fear of death is so deeply embedded in us, yet when we see that the fear itself is not rational, and when we bring out into the open the ways in which it can unconsciously bias us, then we can at least start to try to minimize the influence it has on our lives.

目前，克服偏误不是那么容易的因为，对死亡的恐惧已经在我们心底生根发芽，但当我们了解这些恐惧是不理性的，当我们可以在台面上提出来，这恐惧会无意识的让我们偏误，那么至少我们已经开始，尝试去减小它，对我们生活的影响。

now, i find it helps to see life as being like a book: just as a book is bounded by its covers, by beginning and end, so our lives are bounded by birth and death, and even though a book is limited by beginning and end, it can encompass distant landscapes, e_otic figures, fantastic adventures.

目前，我发现可以将生命，视为一本书：书的开头和结尾，都被书皮包裹着，所以我们的生命被出生和死亡所固定，即便这本书受到开头和结尾的限制，它能带我们去遥远的地方，异国的风情，奇异的冒险。

and even though a book is limited by beginning and end, the characters within it know no horizons. they only know the moments that make up their story, even when the book is closed. and so the characters of a book are not afraid of reaching the last page. long john silver is not afraid of you finishing your copy of 'treasure island.'

即便这本书受到开头和结尾的限制，书里面的人物，是不会被限制的，它们当下活出他们的故事，即便这本书被合上。书中的人物，不会害怕走到最后一页。约翰，西弗不会害怕，你读完《金银岛》。

and so it should be with us. imagine the book of your life, its covers, its beginning and end, and your birth and your death. you can only know the moments in between, the moments that make up your life. it makes no sense for you to fearwhat is outside of those covers, whether before your birth or after your death. and you needn't worry how long the book is, or whether it's a comic strip or an epic. the only thing that matters is that you make it a good story.

所以我们也应当如此。想象关于你生命的一本书，它的书皮，开头和结局和出生和死亡。而你只知道生死之间，活出你生命的时刻。这不会让你，对书皮之外的事产生恐惧，无论是你出生之前，还是，死亡之后。你不必担心这本书有多厚，无论它是本连环画还是部史诗。唯一重要的，是你活得精彩!

thank you.(applause)

谢谢。(掌声)

第14篇 ted英语演讲：你要等到什么时候做回真实的自己

你要等到什么时候做回真实的自己

is there a real you? this might seem to you like a very odd question. because, you might ask, how do we find the real you, how do you know what the real you is? and so forth.

真实的你存在吗? 也许对你来说这是一个奇怪的问题。因为你可能会问，我们怎么寻找真实的自己，而你又如何知道什么才是真实的自己呢? 诸如此类。

but the idea that there must be a real you, surely that's obvious. if there's anything real in the world, it's you. well, i'm not quite sure. at least we have to understand a bit better what that means. now certainly, i think there are lots of things in our culture around us which sort of reinforce the idea that for each one of us, we have a kind of a core, an essence. there is something about what it means to be you which defines you, and it's kind of permanent and unchanging. the most kind of crude way in which we have it, are things like horoscopes. you know, people are very wedded to these, actually.people put them on their facebook profile as though they are meaningul, you even know your chinese horoscope as well. there are also more scientific versions of this, all sorts of ways of profiling personality type, such as the myers-briggs tests, for e_ample. i don't know if you've done those. a lot of companies use these for recruitment. you answer a lot of questions, and this is supposed to reveal something about your core personality. and of course, the popular fascination with this is enormous. in magazines like this, you'll see, in the bottom left corner, they'll advertise in virtually every issue some kind of personality thing. and if you pick up one of those magazines, it's hard to resist, isn't it? doing the test to find what is your learning style, what is your loving style, or what is your working style? are you this kind of person or that?

不过一定存在一个真实的你，这个想法显然是成立的。如果这个世界存在什么真实的事物，那就是你。不过，我其实没那么确定。至少我们要对这个问题理解的深入一些。当然，我认为我们周围的文化中有很多东西或多或少都强化了这样一种想法，那就是我们当中的每一个人都具备一个核心，一种本质。存在一些能够定义你的东西，使你成为你自己，它是永恒不变的。其中有一些很不精确的方式，比如星座，等等。事实上人们对这些相当痴迷。把它们放在脸书资料里，就好像这些东西很有意义似的，你甚至还知道自己的生肖属相。还有更多具有科学性的版本，各种各样定义人格类型的方法，比如像麦尔斯-布里格斯性格分类测试。不知道你们有没有做过这个。很多公司把这种测试用在招聘中。你要回答很多问题，以此来揭示你的某些核心人格。当然，这些测试是相当流行的。在这类的杂志中，你可以看到几乎在每一刊的左下角，都有这类性格测试的广告。一旦你拿起这种杂志，就很难抗拒，不是么? 用这些测试来找出你的学习模式，你的恋爱模式，还有你的工作模式。比如你是哪种类型的人?

so i think that we have a common-sense idea that there is a kind of core or essence of ourselves to be discovered. and that this is kind of a permanent truth about ourselves, something that's the same throughout life. well, that's the idea i want to challenge. and i have to say now, i'll say it a bit later, but i'm not challenging this just because i'm weird, the challenge actually has a very, very long and distinguished history. here's the common-sense idea. there is you. you are the individuals you are,and you have this kind of core. now in your life, what happens is that you, of course, accumulate different e_periences and so forth. so you have memories, and these memories help to create what you are.you have desires, maybe for a cookie, maybe for something that we don't want to talk about at 11 o'clock in the morning in a school. you will have beliefs. this is a number plate from someone in america. i don't know whether this number plate, which says 'messiah 1,' indicates that the driver believes in the messiah, or that they are the messiah. either way, they have beliefs about messiahs. we have knowledge. we have sensations and e_periences as well. it's not just intellectual things. so this is kind of the common-sense model, i think, of what a person is. there is a person who has all the things that make up our life e_periences.

我想我们有一个共识，就是都认为自己有一种有待发掘的核心特质。有一种关乎我们自身的永恒真相，一生都不会改变。然而这正是我要挑战的认知。我现在就得说，一会还会再讲，我要挑战这种认知并不是因为我这人很怪，事实上这个挑战已经有一段悠久显赫的历史了。最普遍的想法是，这是你。你是你这个个体，并且有这类的核心特征。而在你的一生中，当然你会积累不同的经历等等。于是你有了记忆，这些记忆帮助你塑造了自己。你有欲望，也许只是想要一块饼干，也许是一些早晨十一点在学校我们不想去讨论的东西你还会有信仰，这是一个美国人的车牌。我不知道这个车牌显示的“弥赛亚 1” 是否表示这个司机相信救世主，或者他们自己就是救世主。不管怎样，他们信仰弥赛亚。我们有知识。也有直觉和经历。并不只有智力方面的东西。我想这就是一个有关“你是什么”的常识性模型。你是这么一个人，拥有这些构成你人生经历的事物。

but the suggestion i want to put to you today is that there's something fundamentally wrong with this model. and i can show you what's wrong with one click. which is there isn't actually a 'you' at the heart of all these e_periences. strange thought? well, maybe not. what is there, then? well, clearly there are memories, desires, intentions, sensations, and so forth. but what happens is these things e_ist, and they're kind of all integrated, they're overlapped, they're connected in various different ways.they're connecting partly, and perhaps even mainly, because they all belong to one body and one brain. but there's also a narrative, a story we tell about ourselves, the e_periences we have when we remember past things. we do things because of other things. so what we desire is partly a result of what we believe, and what we remember is also informing us what we know. and so really, there are all these things, like beliefs, desires,sensations, e_periences, they're all related to each other, and that just is you. in some ways, it's a small difference from the common-sense understanding. in some ways, it's a massive one.

但今天我想提出的观点却是，这个模型具有根本性的错误。我可以很简洁的给你们展示问题在哪里。所有这些经历的中心其实并不存在那个真实的“你”。这个想法很奇怪吗?不尽然。那这些经历中究竟有些什么呢? 显然，有记忆、欲望、意愿、直觉，等等诸如此类。但事实上这些事物是存在的，而且整合在一起，他们以各种各样的方式相互交错，彼此连接。他们之间有部分连接，也许甚至是大部分连接，因为他们属于同一个身体，同一个大脑。不过还有这样一种叙述，关于自己的故事，那些在我们回忆过去时所获得的经历。我们所做的事情都有其缘由。我们的欲望部分源于我们的信仰，我们的记忆也决定了我们的认知。的确，所有这些东西比如信仰，欲望，直觉和经历，他们都相互关联，这就构成了“你”。某种意义上，这与我们的基本认知只有些微的不同。而某种意义上，这种偏差却是巨大的。

it's the shift between thinking of yourself as a thing which has all the e_periences of life, and thinking of yourself as simply that collection of all e_periences in life. you are the sum of your parts. now those parts are also physical parts, of course, brains, bodies and legs and things, but they aren't so important, actually. if you have a heart transplant,you're still the same person. if you have a memory transplant, are you the same person? if you have a belief transplant, would you be the same person? now this idea,that what we are, the way to understand ourselves, is as not of some permanent being, which has e_periences, but is kind of a collection of e_periences, might strike you as kind of weird.

这是在把你自己当做拥有所有这些人生经历的事物，以及把你自己当做所有这些人生经历的合集之间的一种转换。你是所有部分的集合。当然，这些也可以是身体的部分，比如大脑，躯干，肢体等等，但事实上这些都不那么重要。假设你做了心脏移植，你还是那个你。但如果你做了记忆移植，你还是那个你吗?如果是信仰移植呢，你还是原来的你吗?所以，这个关于我们是什么以及如何认识自身的想法，它认为我们不是什么拥有经历的永恒个体，而是这些经历的集合，这种想法可能会让你觉得有点儿奇怪。

but actually, i don't think it should be weird. in a way, it's common sense. because i just invite you to think about, by comparison, think about pretty much anything else in the universe, maybe apart from the very most fundamental forces or powers. let's take something like water. now my science isn't very good. we might say something like water has two parts hydrogen and one parts o_ygen, right? we all know that. i hope no one in this room thinks that what that means is there is a thing called water, and attached to it are hydrogen and o_ygen atoms, and that's what water is. of course we don't. we understand, very easily, very straightforwardly, that water is nothing more than the hydrogen and o_ygen molecules suitably arranged. everything else in the universe is the same. there's no mystery about my watch, for e_ample. we say the watch has a face,and hands, and a mechanism and a battery, but what we really mean is, we don't think there is a thing called the watch to which we then attach all these bits. we understand very clearly that you get the parts of the watch, you put them together, and you create a watch. now if everything else in the universe is like this, why are we different?

但事实上，我觉得一点都不。某种程度上，这也是常识。我请大家通过比较，想想宇宙中其它的诸多事物，不用考虑那些最基本的力或者功。举个例子吧。我的科学素养很一般。我们可以说水含有两份氢和一份氧，对吧?这个我们都知道。希望这个屋子里没有人会理解为有一种叫做水的东西，附着着氢原子和氧原子，认为这就是水。我们当然不会这么想。我们都能轻易而直接的理解，水不过是氢和氧以恰当的形式排列而成的。宇宙中的其他任何事物也一样。比如，我的手表也没有什么神秘的。我们说它有表面指针，还有机械装置以及电池。不过我们的真正意思并不是认为一种叫做表的东西，上面附着上所有这些元件。我们很清楚当你把所有这些元件组合起来，就可以得到一个手表。如果宇宙中所有事物都是这样，我们又有什么特殊的呢?

why think of ourselves as somehow not just being a collection of all our parts, but somehow being a separate, permanent entity which has those parts? now this view is not particularly new, actually. it has quite a long lineage. you find it in buddhism, you find it in 17th, 18th-century philosophy going through to the current day, people like locke and hume. but interestingly, it's also a view increasingly being heard reinforced by neuroscience. this is paul broks, he's a clinical neuropsychologist, and he says this: 'we have a deep intuition that there is a core, an essence there, and it's hard to shake off,probably impossible to shake off, i suspect. but it's true that neuroscience shows that there is no centre in the brain where things do all come together.' so when you look at the brain, and you look at how the brain makes possible a sense of self, you find that there isn't a central control spot in the brain. there is no kind of center where everything happens. there are lots of different processes in the brain, all of which operate, in a way,quite independently. but it's because of the way that they relate that we get this sense of self. the term i use in the book, i call it the ego trick. it's like a mechanical trick. it's not that we don't e_ist, it's just that the trick is to make us feel that inside of us is something more unified than is really there.

为什么我们不把自己认为是所有部件的组合，而是一个拥有那些部件的某种独立而永恒的存在? 这种看法其实并不新鲜。它已经有着一段很长的传承。在佛教里有，十七，十八世纪的哲学里有直至现在，以洛克(译注：17世纪英国哲学家) 和休谟(译注：18 世纪苏格兰哲学家)为代表的思想。但有趣的是，这也是一种越来越经常听到的被神经科学不断加强的想法。这是保罗·布洛克斯，一位临床神经心理学家，他是这样说的： “我们有一种根深蒂固的直觉：就是存在一种核心特质，很难摆脱，我甚至怀疑也许是根本无法摆脱的。但神经科学的确显示，我们的大脑中没有什么让所有东西都集合在一起的中心区域。”那么当你观察大脑，观察大脑如何形成自我意识，你会发现根本不存在什么中心控制点。不存在所有事件集中发生的区域。大脑中有大量不同的进程，各自以相当独立的方式运行着。但是，他们之间相互关联的方式使得我们有了自我的意识。我在书里把它叫做自我迷局。就像机械迷局一样。这不是说我们不存在，而是这个迷局使得我们感觉在我们内部有一种更为统一的存在。

now you might think this is a worrying idea. you might think that if it's true, that for each one of us there is no abiding core of self, no permanent essence, does that mean that really, the self is an illusion?does it mean that we really don't e_ist? there is no real you. well, a lot of people actually do use this talk of illusion and so forth. these are three psychologists, thomas metzinger, bruce hood, susan blackmore, a lot of these people do talk the language of illusion, the self is an illusion, it's a fiction. but i don't think this is a very helpful way of looking at it. go back to the watch. the watch isn't an illusion,because there is nothing to the watch other than a collection of its parts. in the same way, we're not illusions either. the fact that we are, in some ways, just this very, very comple_ collection, ordered collection of things, does not mean we're not real. i can give you a very sort of rough metaphor for this.let's take something like a waterfall. these are the iguazu falls, in argentina. now if you take something like this, you can appreciate the fact that in lots of ways, there's nothing permanent about this. for one thing, it's always changing. the waters are always carving new channels. with changes and tides and the weather, some things dry up, new things are created. of course the water that flows through the waterfall is different every single instance. but it doesn't mean that the iguazu falls are an illusion. it doesn't mean it's not real. what it means is we have to understand what it is as something which has a history, has certain things that keep it together, but it's a process, it's fluid, it's forever changing.

也许你会觉得这个想法让人感到沮丧。你也许会想，如果这是真的，我们每个人都没有持久的核心自我，没有永恒的实质，这是否意味着自我是一种假象呢? 是否意味着我们并不存在? 没有什么真正的你。的确有很多人接纳了这种假象之类的说法。比如有三位心理学家，托马斯·梅辛革，布鲁斯·胡德以及苏珊·布莱克默，这些人都支持这种假象学说，认为自我是一种假象，是虚构的。不过我不觉得这种理解方式在这个问题上有任何的帮助。我们回到手表的例子。手表不是假象，因为除了部件的组合没有其它东西了。同样的，我们也不是假象。事实上，从某种角度来说，我们只是一个极其复杂的有序集合，并不意味着我们不是真实存在的。我可以给你们一个非常粗浅的比喻。就拿瀑布来说吧。这是阿根廷的伊瓜苏瀑布。如果仔细想想，你就会领会到，从很多方面来看，它都不是永恒的。首先，它永远在变化中。

now that, i think, is a model for understanding ourselves, and i think it's a liberating model. because if you think that you have this fi_ed, permanent essence, which is always the same, throughout your life, no matter what, in a sense you're kind of trapped. you're born with an essence, that's what you are until you die, if you believe in an afterlife,maybe you continue. but if you think of yourself as being, in a way, not a thing as such,but a kind of a process, something that is changing, then i think that's quite liberating. because unlike the the waterfalls, we actually have the capacity to channel the direction of our development for ourselves to a certain degree. now we've got to be careful here, right? if you watch the _-factor too much, you might buy into this idea that we can all be whatever we want to be.that's not true. i've heard some fantastic musicians this morning, and i am very confident that i could in no way be as good as them. i could practice hard and maybe be good, but i don't have that really natural ability. there are limits to what we can achieve. there are limits to what we can make of ourselves. but nevertheless, we do have this capacity to, in a sense, shape ourselves. the true self, as it were then, is not something that is just there for you to discover, you don't sort of look into your soul and find your true self, what you are partly doing, at least, is actually creating your true self. and this, i think, is very, very significant, particularly at this stage of life you're at. you'll be aware of the fact how much of you changed over recent years. if you have any videos of yourself, three or four years ago, you probably feel embarrassed because you don't recognize yourself.

这些水总在冲蚀出新的路径，随着潮汐和天气的变化，有的干涸了，有的则刚刚形成。当然，瀑布中流淌着的水每一刻都是不同的。但这并不是说伊瓜苏瀑布就是假象。并不是说它就是非真实的了。这意味着，我们需要将它理解为是一种拥有过往的事物，是某些东西的集合，不过它是一个过程，流动着的，始终变化着的。我觉得这就是一个可以用来认识我们自己的模型，一个释放性的模型。因为如果你认为自己有什么固定的永恒的特质，无论怎样都终其一生而存在，那么在某种意义上你已经被套住了。你生而具备某种特质，而它就会定义你，直到死亡，如果你相信有来生，也许还会继续。但如果你换种方式，认为自己不是这样一种事物，而是一个过程，一个处于变化中的过程，我觉得这就是一种解放。因为与瀑布不同，我们其实在一定程度上具备为自己的发展规划方向的能力。现在我们要小心了，对吧? 如果你看了太多“_ 音素”(译注：英国真人选秀节目)，你可能会深信我们可能成为任何想成为的人。但事实并非如此。今早我听到一些非常棒的音乐家的演奏，我非常确信我没法达到他们的水平。我可以刻苦练习，也许会做的不错，但我并不具备这个天赋。我们可以实现的总是有限的。在造就自我方面我们能力有限，但无论如何，我们至少具备在一定程度上塑造自己的能力。真实的自己，并不是等着你去发现的什么东西，你不是在灵魂中寻找那个真实的自己。你或多或少正在做的，其实是在创造真实的自己。这一点我觉得非常重要，尤其对于你所在的人生阶段。你会意识到这些年自己变化了多少。如果你有自己三四年前的视频，你也许会感到很尴尬，因为你都快认不出自己了。

so i want to get that message over, that what we need to do is think about ourselves as things that we can shape, and channel and change. this is the buddha,again: 'well-makers lead the water, fletchers bend the arrow, carpenters bend a log of wood, wise people fashion themselves.' and that's the idea i want to leave you with, that your true self is not something that you will have to go searching for, as a mystery, and maybe never ever find. to the e_tent you have a true self, it's something that you in part discover, but in part create. and that, i think, is a liberating and e_citing prospect. thank you very much.

我希望能传递这样的信息，我们需要做的就是认为我们自己是可以塑造，规划，并不断改变的事物。佛说：“水人调船，弓匠调角，巧匠调木，智者调身。” 这正是我要传达给你们的理念，你无须寻找真实的自己，也许这是个永远无法解开的谜。即便存在真实的自己，你也需要一边发掘，一边创造。这是一种自由释放性的，非常的令人振奋的观点。谢谢大家。

《你要等到什么时候做回真实的自己》观后感

从小到大我没想过对自己可以用虚伪一词。我现在终于承认自己虚伪。我讨厌虚伪，但又不得不虚伪。

真实的虚伪

对所谓的比赛嗤之以鼻，却是如此的渴望。总认为自己很高尚，不为世俗所动容，可我错了，错得非常彻底。一副无所谓的嘴脸，一副不羁与世漠然的嘴脸，背后却如此的平凡，如此浑浊。歌唱比赛，一班2个名额，自己内心极大渴望拥有其中一个。却很不屑地对别人说“哎呀，我无所谓，无所谓，无所谓的拉。”其实真的是无所谓吗?自己好虚伪，虚伪得让自己感到前所未有的恐惧。不知道自己什么时候学会了虚伪，什么时候才能做回真实的自己?

不现实的虚伪

总想当个“冰美人”，用冷漠还伪装自己。总告诉自己，只要冷漠，对何人，何事就都可以敬而远之，置之不理。常对着墙一遍又一遍的练习，用硬邦邦的表情说话，语调没有一丝波澜。然而，我失败了。见到人说话嘴角会不自觉地向上扬，眯起的眼角，深陷下去的一个酒窝也纷纷出卖了我。或许，天注定我当不了“冰美人”，不能用冷漠的外套套在自己身上。

何时才能卸下伪装，做回真实自己?

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